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Disaster Management Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 10 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
8 Mar 2026

Disaster Management Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 10 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Complete the table.(Motor accident, land sliding, forest fire, theft, riot, war, epidemic, drought, locust attack, financial crisis, flood, famine) Answer. Disaster Symptoms Effects Remedy Motor accident Rash driving, drink and drive, ignorance to safety rules Loss of life, loss of property Following traffic rules, avoid driving if tipsy Land sliding New cracks or bulges in the ground, street or sidewalks, sunken road beds Loss of property, loss of life, adverse impact on environment Give help to clear debris, call ambulance to send victims to hospitals Forest fire Lightning, human activities involving smoke and fire near forests areas Impact on environment, loss of lives of animals Call fire brigade, give first aid to animals which survived the burns Theft Sheer carelessness towards property and wealth Tension and loss of property Informing police, giving emotional support Riot Opinion differences, political influence Loss of life and property Give shelter to innocent victims, provide food and clothing and first-aid to the victims War Transgressing, opinion differences between countries Loss of life and property, Impact on the country and its economy Give shelter to innocent victims, provide food, clothing and first-aid to the victims Epidemic Spreading of viruses from different animals Loss of life, health risks, impact on environment Give proper medication to people, preparing antidotes against epidemic Drought No rainfall for long duration Food and water crisis, loss of life Donate food and water for victims, provide shelter and monetary help Locust attack Leaf distortion, chlorosis, yellow to brown spots, premature leaf drop Crop destruction, scarcity in food Spraying pesticides Financial crisis Bankrupt, loss in business or services in individual case Impact on the country and its economy, impact on individual Giving support to friends and family, asking support from other countries when crises happens in a country Flood Cloudburst, heavy rainfall Health risks, loss of property, food and water crisis, loss of life Donate food and clothing for flood victims, stay at some height if possible Famine Heavy rainfall, drought Food and water crisis, displacement of people, loss of life Donate food and water for victims, provide shelter and monetary help 2. Write notes. a. Disaster management Authority Answer. Disaster Management Authority is the body that works at the level of government from national level to village level. This work is basically about management of any disaster and tackling the problems of the affected people. At National level there is National Disaster Management Authority for which the Prime Minister is the chairman. For every state there is State Disaster Management Authority, where the chief minister of every state is the chairman. Under the state level, there are district level units where district collector is responsible for disaster management and implementation of rehabilitation schemes. Below district level authority there are Taluka and then Village Disaster Management Committees. b. Nature of disaster management Answer. Disaster management involves either prevention of disasters (Pre-disaster management) or creating preparedness to face them (Post-disaster management). The action plans are prepared for managing disasters. This is done after studying the different aspects such as preventive measures, rehabilitation and reconstruction plans. The disasters are tackled by executing action plans in the following steps: Preparation, redemption, preparedness, action during actual disaster, response, resurgence and restoration. At every level there are other voluntary organizations and Government meteorological institutions for their help. c. Mock drill Answer. d. Disaster Management Act, 2005 Answer. Government of India has made Disaster Management Act in 2005. The affected people are given all necessary help as per this act. With the humanitarian view, people are rehabilitated and helped them to come back to normalcy after the disaster. As per this Act, National Disaster Response Force has been established. This force consists of 12 divisions in entire India which are attached with Indian Army. The headquarter is located in Delhi, but the action is taken all over the country with the help of army. As per the Act, in Maharashtra National Disaster Response Force is in action through State Reserve Polioe Force. The personnel of this force are trained accordingly, and they take part in the rescue work during different disasters. 3. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the role of district disaster control unit after occurrence of any disaster. Answer. (1) District control unit looks after the ; disaster management of the district.(2) It is immediately formed either after the impact of disaster or if warning is given about some upcoming disaster District-wise Disaster Control Unit performs following role: b. Give the reasons for increase in human disasters after the World War-II. Answer. c. What are the objectives of disaster management? Answer. Objectives of disaster management: d. Why is it essential to get the training of first aid? Answer. When there is a disaster, we need to immediately help the victim. Till the medical help arrives, one should be in position to treat the injured and save his or her life. In such cases; knowing first- aid is essential. Such kind of a need may arise in case of our parents, our siblings at home or with friends in school. Those who are injured should be treated at once. If we know about techniques of first aid, we can save such person before the medical help arrives. Therefore, it is essential to get the training of the first aid. e. Which different methods are used for transportation of patients? Why? Answer. For the transportation of patients following methods are used: 4.On the basis of the structure of disaster management authority, form the same for your school. Answer. Students are expected to make the map based on their own. 5.Write down the reasons, effects and remedial measures taken for any two disasters experienced by you. Answer. Students are expected to make the map based on their own. 6. Which different aspects of disaster management would you check for your school? Why? Answer. For the pre-disaster management at school following aspects would be inspected. 7. Identify the type of disaster. a. Terrorism. Answer. Man-made, intentional.Due to the activities of terrorism, many innocent lives are

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Social health Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
8 Mar 2026

Social health Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word. a. Laughter club is a remedy to drive away ………….. Answer. Stress b. Alcohol consumption mainly affects …………. system. Answer.  Nervous c. IT Act 2000 is to control the ………. Answer. Cybercrimes 2. Answer the following. a. Which factors affect the social health? Answer. b. Which changes occur in persons continuously using the internet and mobile phones? Answer. c. Which problems does the common man face due to incidences of cyber crime? Answer. d. Explain the importance of good communication with others. Answer. 3. Solve the following cross-word 1. Continuous consumption of alcoholic and tobacco materials. Answer. Addiction 2. This app may cause the cyber crimes Answer. Facebook 3. A remedy to resolve stress. Answer. Singing 4. Requirement for stress free life. Answer. Goodfood 5. Various factors affect ……….. health. Answer. Social 6. Art of preparing food items. Answer. Cooking. 4. Which are various ways to minimize stress? Answer. Stress can be defined as the response of our body to a demand or threat, and it can be both physical and mental. There are many ways of handling stress, out of which some are mentioned below: 5. Give three examples of each. a. Hobbies to reduce stress. Answer. b. Diseases endangering the social health. Answer. c. Physical problems arising due to excessive use of mobile phones. Answer. d. Activities under the jurisdiction of cybercrime laws. Answer. 6. What will you do? Why? a. You are spending more time in internet/mobile games, phone, etc. Answer. In life, the time once spent never returns back. We therefore must use our time for studies, exercise or outdoor games and some entertainment. In the free time, we must also help our parents in house hold work. But if we are spending hours together on surfing the net without any perfect aim or playing the computer or cell phone games it is total waste of time. There are many inappropriate sites on the internet, which should not be watched. This causes stress. Continuous use of mobile phone and being hooked to the social media slowly becomes an addiction. If these bad habits are creeping in us, we must try to leave the habits by conscious change. b. Child of your neighbour is addicted to tobacco chewing. Answer. The hazards of tobacco chewing will be explained to this child. Different photographs and videos showing the conditions of oral cancer will be shown to this child to persuade him, so that he can stay away from tobacco. This addiction has to be removed, so help of his parents will be taken. They will be told about the child’s habit and asked to help ? him free from his addiction. c. Your sister has become incommunicative. She prefers to remain alone. Answer. The individual who prefers to be incommunicative has lots of thoughts in his/her mind. If this is the case with sister, she will be taken into confidence and the reason behind this lack of communication will be found out. Most often such persons have depression. So she will not be left alone. Her friends will be invited at home, so that she can converse with them. She should be motivated to mix with her favourite people. She should be encouraged to pursue her hobbies. She should be helped in selecting such work, If nothing changes her, then the help of counsellor should be taken. d. You have to use free space around your home for good purpose. Answer. The free space around our home can be used to make a small garden. The garden-soil can be bought and spread in this free space. Small saplings can be planted here and nurtured for further growth. Nursery of saplings can also be started in this free space. The space can also be used for outdoor games. The net for Badminton can be fixed and evening times can be spent in playing the game. Also care will be taken to keep the space clean and without any garbage. e. Your friend has developed the hobby of snapping selfies. Answer. The habit of continuously taking selfie is bad. It shows that the friend is constantly thinking of himself only. His self-centredness is to be removed by counselling him. The reason behind this behaviour should also be understood. He should be diverted and motivated to take some other tasks so that his habit can be lessened. Taking selfies is not a hobby. It is a bad habit if someone is repeatedly engaged in it. f. Your brother studying in XII has developed the stress. Answer. The syllabus for class XII is vast. If the studies are not taken seriously from the beginning of the academic year, then the stress develops due to the fear of examination and result. Therefore, instead of being stressed, he should practise time management and study schedule. He should think of only one subject at a time. The atmosphere in the house should be maintained happy and tension-free. Everybody in the house should interact with him so that he gets a feeling that he is not alone. He should be convinced, “study is for you and you are not for study”. 7. What type of changes occurs in a home having chronically ill old person? How will you help to maintain good atmosphere? Answer. If there is a chronically ill old person in the house, the entire atmosphere of the house changes. There is tension and grief in the house. Doctor’s visits to the house become routine. The ill person’s diet and medicines are strictly followed. In such times, everybody in the family should contribute to the work of taking care of the patient. We can help in bringing medicines. We can sit beside the patient during night time. We should maintain pleasant atmosphere in the house. We should help the person who is burdened by the duties towards the sick patient by helping in whatever little ways that we can.

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Cell Biology and Biotechnology Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 8 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
7 Mar 2026

Cell Biology and Biotechnology Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 8 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Fill in the blanks and complete the statements. a. Methods like artificial insemination and embryo transplant are mainly used for — Answer. animal husbandry b. — — — — is the revolutionary event in biotechnology after cloning. Answer. Stem cell research c. The disease related with the synthesis of insulin is — — —. Answer. diabetes d. Government of India has encouraged the — — — — for improving the productivity by launching NKM-16. Answer. pisciculture 2. Match the pairs. Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ (1) Interferon (a) Diabetes (2) Factor VIII * (b) Dwarfness (3) Somatostatin (c) Viral infection (4) Interleukin (d) Cancer (e) Haemophilia Answer. (1) Interferon – Viral infection(2) Factor VIII – Haemophilia(3) Somatostatin – Dwarfness(4) Interleukin – Cancer 3. Rewrite the following wrong statements after corrections: a. Changes in genes of the cells are brought about in non-genetic technique. Answer. Non-genetic biotechnology involves use of either cell or tissue. b. Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is introduced into soyabean. Answer. Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is introduced with gene of cotton. 4. Write short notes. a. Biotechnology: Professional uses. (Commercial uses) Answer. Biotechnology is the branch of biology that involves application of technology in utilising the living organisms or their parts to produce products useful for humans. There are various applications of biotechnology some of which are mentioned below: b. Importance of medicinal plants. Answer. Several plants have medicinal properties which can be used as medicines. Some of the plants grown for their medicinal value are: 5. Answer the following questions in your own words. a. Which products produced through biotechnology do you use in your daily life? Answer. b. Which precautions will you take during spraying of pesticides? Answer. c. Why some of the organs in human body are most valuable? Answer. d. Explain the importance of fruit processing in human life? Answer. Fruits are something which we eat everyday. Fruits are called perishable products which means that they cannot be stored for long durations. The solution to this problem is fruit processing. Fruit processing is a process which converts fruits into jams, juices, jellies etc. These processing methods include storage in cold areas, drying salting etc. This process makes the fruits available all around the year and makes their storage possible. e. Explain the meaning of vaccination. Answer. Vaccines are the dead or weakened microorganisms, which help the body in fighting against diseases. Our body reacts to infection by microorganisms by producing certain substances called antibodies. These antibodies kill the invading microorganisms, thereby freeing the body from diseases. In order to protect the body from diseases caused by microorganisms, some dead or weakened microbes are introduced in the body, which cause the production of antibodies. These antibodies then remain in the body for a long period of time protecting the body from diseases. This whole process of introducing vaccines into the body is known as vaccination. 6. Complete the following chart. Answer. 7. Write the correct answer in blank circles. Answer. 8. Identify and complete the following correlations: a. Insulin : Diabetes : : Interleukin : ……………. Answer. Insulin : Diabetes : : Interleukin : Cancer b. Interferon : ………. : : Erythropoietin : Anaemia. Answer. Interferon : Viral infection : : Erythropoietin : Anaemia. c. ……….. : Dwarfness : : Factor VIII : Haemophilia. Answer: Somatostatin : Dwarfness : : Factor VIII : Haemophilia. d. White revolution : Dairy : : Blue revolution : ……… Answer. White revolution : Dairy : : Blue revolution : Fishery 9. Write a comparative note on usefulness and harmfulness of biotechnology. Answer. Biotechnology has revolutionised the field of science and technology. It has provided us with solutions to our problems which would not have been possible otherwise. It has found widespread applications in various fields and its many potentials are still being exploited. However, despite the various merits of biotechnology, there are certain demerits also associated with it. Merits of biotechnology: Demerits of biotechnology: Although biotechnology has found a widespread applications in various field, it has its own potential risks. Some of its demerits are:

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Introduction to Microbiology Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 7 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
7 Mar 2026

Introduction to Microbiology Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 7 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Rewrite the following statements using correct of the options and explain the completed statements.(gluconic acid, coagulation, amino acid, acetic acid, clostridium, lactobacilli) a. Process of ……. of milk proteins occurs due to lactic acid. Answer. Coagulation Explanation: The lactobacilli are the bacteria carrying out fermentation of the milk. In this process, the lactose sugar in the milk is converted into lactic acid. This lactic acid causes coagulation of the proteins present in the milk. b. Harmful bacteria in like — — — in the intestine are destroyed due to probiotics. Answer. Clostridium Explanation: In probiotics, there are lactobacilli which are useful. They control other bacteria present in the alimentary canal and also their metabolism. These bacteria thus stop the action of Clostridium which is a harmful bacteria. c. Chemically, vinegar is ………… Answer. 4% Acetic acid Explanation: Chemically vinegar is 4% acetic acid. It is a good preservative of the food and thus while using it as additive to the food, it is called vinegar. d. Salts which can be used as supplement of calcium and iron are obtained from ……………. acid. Answer. Gluconic Explanation: The microbe Aspergillus niger is used on the source material of glucose and corn steep liquor to produce amino acid called Gluconic acid. Gluconic acid is used for the production of minerals used as supplement for calcium and iron. 2. Match the pairs ‘A’ group ‘B’ group (1) Xylitol (a) Pigment (2) Citric acid (b) To impart sweetness (3) Lycopene (c) Microbial restrictor (4) Nycin (d) Protein binding emulsifier (e) To impart acidity Answer. (1) Xylitol – To impart sweetness(2) Citric acid – To impart acidity(3) Lycopene – Pigment(4) Nycin – Microbial restrictor. 3. Answer the following. a. Which fuels can be obtained by microbial processes? Why is it necessary to increase the use of such fuels? Answer. There are different kinds of fuel that can be produced with the help of microbes. Some of the examples of such fuels are: Fuels obtained from fossil sources are non-renewable and polluting. In contrast, fuels such as hydrogen, ethanol, and methane represent the future of energy because they burn cleaner, offer comparable efficiency, and are renewable. Therefore, their use should be further promoted. b. How can the oil spills of rivers and oceans be cleaned ? Answer. i. Spilling of petroleum oil occurs in ocean due to various reasons. ii. This oil may prove fatal and toxic to aquatic organisms. iii. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from surface of water by mechanical method. However, bacteria like Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanovorax borkumensis have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other chemicals. iv. Hence, these bacteria are used to clear the oil spills. These are called as hydrocarbon clastic bacteria (HCB). HCB decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction of carbon with oxygen. CO2 and water is formed in this process. c. How can the soil polluted by acid rain be made fertile again? Answer. d. Explain the importance of bio pesticides in organic farming. Answer. e. What are the reasons for increasing the popularity of probiotic products? Answer. Probiotics are such edible preparations which contain useful active bacteria, like Lactobacillus, Acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, etc. There are various reasons for which probiotics are being promoted nowadays. These bacteria are beneficial for the intestine as they help in the process of metabolism. They are usually given when a person is suffering from diarrhoea or is under antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics kill both beneficial and harmful bacteria present in our body, thus affecting the metabolic process. These probiotics form the colonies of useful microbes in the alimentary canal and thus aid in the digestion process. f. How the bread and other products produced using baker’s yeast are nutritious? Answer. g. Which precautions are necessary for proper decomposition of domestic waste? Answer. Domestic waste refers to the waste which is generated in our houses due to our daily activities. Domestic waste can be either biodegradable or non-biodegradable for example, vegetable and fruit peels are biodegradable whereas batteries, computers, etc are non-biodegradable. biodegardable products can be used for making composts which can be used in parks, plant pots etc. For non-biodegradable products, we need to practice the 3R’s, and only after that, they should be discarded as waste. The 3R’s are – h. Why is it necessary to ban the use of plastic bags? Answer. Plastic bags are non biodegradable products which pose a serious threat to the environment. Non biodegradable products do not decompose easily and thus keep on accumulating in the environment. There are various other reasons for which plastic bags should be banned, for example: 4. Complete the following conceptual picture. Answer. 5. Give scientific reasons. a. Use of mutant strains has been increased in industrial microbiology. Answer. b. Enzymes obtained by microbial process are mixed with detergents. Answer. c. Microbial enzymes are used instead of chemical catalysts in chemical industry. Answer. 6. Complete the following conceptual picture with respect to uses. Answer. 7. Complete the following conceptual picture related to environmental management. Answer. 8. Answer the following. a. What is role of microbes in compost production? Answer. b. What are the benefits of mixing ethanol with petrol and diesel? Answer. Whenever ethanol is mixed with petrol and diesel, CO2​ emission from automobiles reduces by 30%. As a result, pollution decreases. Ethanol, when mixed with petrol and diesel, serves as a great cleaning agent for car engines over a long run. It also helps to increase and improve the quantity of fuel. c. Which plants are cultivated to obtain the fuel? Answer. d. Which fuels are obtained from biomass? Answer. From biomass, the biogas and biodiesel are mainly obtained. The biogas is obtained from dung of cattle. The fermentation of cattle dung gives rise to methane. From methane, methanol is obtained. Ethanol is obtained from molasses of sugarcane and some other crops. In some countries, special crops are cultivated for the biodiesel. e. How does the bread become spongy? Answer.

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Animal Classification Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 6 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
7 Mar 2026

Animal Classification Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 6 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Identify me. a. I am diploblastic & acoelomate. Which phylum do I belong to? Answer. I am from phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata. b. My body is radially symmetrical. Water vascular system is present in my body. I am referred as fish though I am not. What is my name? Answer. Starfish. I am from Echinodermata phylum. c. I live in your small intestine. Pseudocoelom is present in my thread like body. In which phylum will you include me? Answer. I am Ascaris. I am included in Aschelminthes. d. Though I am multicellular, there are no tissues in my body. What is the name of my phylum? Answer. Sponge, Porifera. 2. Write the characters of each of the following animals with the help of classification chart.Bath sponge, grasshopper, rohu, penguin, frog, lizard, elephant, jellyfish. a. Bath sponge. Answer. Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaSub-kingdom: Non-chordataPhylum: Porifera Characters: Bath sponge is a marine animal. Blackish in colour and round in shape having porous body. It has spongin fibres and spicules which serve as skeleton. Bath sponges have good water-holding capacity. It is sedentary animal which is fixed to some substratum in the aquatic environment. Reproduction is by budding. It also has a good regeneration capacity. b. Grasshopper. Answer. Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaSub-kingdom: Non-chordataPhylum: ArthropodaClass: Insecta Characters: c. Rohu. Answer. Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: PiscesSubclass: Teleostei (Bony fish) Characters: Rohu is a fresh water bony fish. It is a chordate having a vertebral column, hence included under subphylum vertebrata. The body is well adapted for aquatic mode of life. The shape of the body is streamlined. The exoskeleton is of scales. The gills Eire present which are used for respiration. The endoskeleton is of bones, hence called bony fish. There are paired fins and a impaired caudal fin which is used in steering and changing the direction during swimming. d. Penguin. Answer. Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: Aves Characters: Penguin is a flightless bird inhabitant of cold snow-clad regions. It has exoskeleton of feathers. The body is well adapted to survive in cold regions. It is a warm-blooded bird. The forelimbs are modified into wings. But due. to excessive body weight, the penguins are not seen flying. It can wade in the water with modified hind limbs. e. Frog. Answer. Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: Amphibia Characters: The frog is a true amphibian that can live in water as well as on land. When on land it respires with the help of lungs while in water it uses its skin for breathing. It does not have exoskeleton. The skin is soft, slimy and moist. It is suitably coloured and hence the frog can camouflage in the surroundings. Body is divisible into head and trunk. Two pairs of limbs are seen. The forelimbs are short and used for support during locomotion. The hind limbs are long and strong, used for jumping when on land and for swimming when in water. The eyes are large and protruding. Since the neck is absent, such eyes help in looking around. The tympanum is present. f. Lizard. Answer. Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: Reptilia Characters: The lizard is a cold-blooded reptile. The limbs are weak and do not support the body weight, hence lizard is seen creeping. But the feet are provided with pads and suckers due to which lizards are well- adapted to climb on the vertical walls. The exoskeleton has fine scales. The body is divisible into head, neck and trunk. The capacity to regenerate is developed in lizards, hence it can produce the lost tail or limbs. The mode of reproduction is egg laying. It feeds on insects with the help of long and sticky tongue. g. Elephant. Answer. Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaCharacters: Elephant is the terrestrial, herbivorous mammal adapted to survive in hot and humid tropical forests.It is a mammal and hence shows viviparity and milk secretion. The body is divisible into head, neck, trunk, and tail. The proboscis is a characteristic feature of the elephant which is actually modified nose. h. Jellyfish. Answer. Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaSub-kingdom: Non-chordataPhylum: Cnidaria or Coelenterata Characters: Jellyfish or Aurelia is a coelenterate. Its body is medusa. It appears as a transparent balloon seen floating in the marine waters. Since it has appearance like a jelly, it is known commonly as jellyfish. There are tentacles provided with cnidoblasts or stinging cells. Tentacles are used for catching the prey. Cnidoblasts are used to secrete a toxin which paralyses the prey. 3. Write in brief about progressive changes in animal classification. Answer. There were different methods of classification of animals. 4. What is the exact difference between grades of organization and symmetry? Explain with examples. Answer. I. Grades of organization: (1) The grades of organization mean the way an organism has different body formation.(2) Unicellular organisms like amoeba have a single cell in the body and hence the organization in its body is called protoplasmic grade of organization.(3) Some organisms have only cells in their body which is called cellular grade of organization, e.g. Poriferans.(4) Some have tissues e.g. Coelenterates. They are said to have tissue grade organization. Some have organs, they are said to have organization-organ grade, e.g. Platyhelminthes. All other higher animals have organ-system grade organization. II. Symmetry: (1) Symmetry on the other hand shows the base of the body formation.(2) The symmetry can be understood by taking an imaginary cut through the animal body.(3) Based on the symmetry there can be three types.(4) In asymmetric animals, there is no symmetry in any plane, e.g. Amoeba.(5) The bilateral symmetry is the one in which an imaginary axis can pass through only one median plane to divide the body into two equal halves. Most of the animals have bilateral symmetry and hence their organs are arranged in symmetric way on both the sides. 5. Answer in brief. a. Give scientific classification of shark up to class. Answer Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataClass: PiscesSubclass: Elasmobranchii (Cartilaginous)Example: Scientific name: Scoliodon sorrakowah.Common name: Shark b. Write four distinguishing characters of phylum- Echinodermata. Answer. Distinguishing characters of Echinodermata: c. Distinguish between butterfly and bat with the help

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Towards Green Energy Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 5 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
7 Mar 2026

Towards Green Energy Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 5 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Remake the table taking into account relation between entries in three columns. Answer. I II III Coal Thermal energy Thermal plant Uranium Nuclear energy Nuclear power plant Water reservoir Potential energy Hydroelectric plant Wind Kinetic energy Wind electricity plant 2. Which fuel is used in thermal power plant? What are the problems associated with this type of power generation? Answer. (1) The fuel used in the thermal power plant is coal. Coal contains chemical energy. Upon burning it releases heat energy. This heat is used for generation of electricity in the thermal power plants. (2) Problems associated with power generations by thermal power plant:(a) Air pollution: Due to burning of coal, there is emission of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide gases. These are harmful and toxic to health.(b) Soot particles emitted during combustion can cause severe respiratory problems such as asthma. 3. Other than thermal power plant, which power plants use thermal energy for power generation? In what different ways is the thermal energy obtained ? Answer. Other than thermal power plant, nuclear power plants, solar power plants use thermal energy for power generation. Different ways of generating thermal energy are: 4. Which type/types of power generation involve maximum number of steps of energy conversion? In which power generation is the number minimum ? Answer. Nuclear Power Plant involves maximum number of steps in the process of transformation. Electric Generator using Wind involves the minimum steps in the process of transformation. Kinetic energy in wind → Kinetic energy in turbine → Electric energy 5. Solve the following crossword puzzle. a. Maximum energy generation in India is done using….. energy. Answer.  thermal b. …… energy is a renewable source of energy Answer. wind c. Solar energy can be called…. energy. Answer. clean d …. energy of wind is used in wind mills. Answer. kinetic e. ….. energy of water in dams is used for generation of electricity. Answer. Potential 6. Explain the difference. a. Conventional and Non-conventional Sources of energy. Answer. Conventional sources of energy Non-Conventional sources of energy (i) These are those sources which have been in use from ages. These sources have generally been identified in the recent past. (ii) These are non-renewable sources of energy. These are renewable sources of energy. (iii) These will last long, just for 100-200 years. These are going to last forever. (iv) These cause air and water pollution. These do not cause any pollution. (v) These are very expensive to maintain, store, and transmit, e.g., coal, mineral oil, natural gas, atomic power, and water. These are less expensive or cheap due to local used easy to be maintained e.g. solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy, geothermal energy b. Thermal electricity generation and solar thermal electricity generation. Answer. Thermal electricity generation and solar thermal electricity generation. Thermal electricity generation Solar thermal electricity generation It uses non-renewable source of energy for electricity generation such as fossil fuels, natural gas or nuclear fuels. It uses renewable source of energy i.e. solar energy for electricity generation. This method of electricity generation is not environment friendly. It causes air pollution. This is environment friendly method of electricity generation. It does not cause air pollution. This method requires maintenance. This method does not require maintenance. 7. What is meant by green energy? Which energy sources can be called as green energy sources and why? Give example. Answer. (1) Green energy means eco-friendly form of energy which does not cause environmental problems and are non-exhaustible, perpetual and sustainable.(2) These sources of energy do not produce toxic gases or other pollutants, therefore they are safe.(3) Examples of green energy: (i) Hydroelectric energy (ii) Wind energy (iii) Solar energy (iv) Energy obtained bio fuels. 8. Explain the following sentences. a. Energy obtained from fossil fuels is not green energy. Answer. b. Saving energy is the need of the hour. Answer. Yes, certainly energy conservation has become the need of the hour. We know our day to day life runs on electricity. Be it fans, lights, televisions, escalators, vehicles on roads or water supply to our homes, each and everything requires energy- “The Electrical Energy” for its working. Even the technology advancement has made it possible to supply electricity to most remote places. Thus, to produce such huge amount of electrical energy, we are getting more and more dependent on non-renewable sources of energy such as coal, petroleum, etc. It is observed that the rate at which these fuels are consumed is much greater than at which it is produced. So, if it continues like this, a day will come when we would get deprived of these sources of energy and thus will not even get the basic amenities of life. So, take a pledge to not waste energy wherever possible for the betterment of our and future generation. 9. Answer the following questions. a. How can we get the required amount of energy by connecting solar panels ? Answer. Many identical solar cells connected together forms a solar panel. Now, many such solar panels are connected in series in a form of solar string to get required voltage. Also, many such identical solar strings are connected in parallel to get the required current. Hence, in this way we get the required amount of energy by connecting solar panels. b. What are the advantages and limitations of solar energy ? Answer. I. Advantages: II. Limitations: 10. Explain with diagram step-by-step energy conversion in a. Thermal power plant Answer. In thermal power plant the turbines are rotated using steam. Here the coal is burnt. The heat energy liberated from this burning is used to heat the water in the boiler. This water produces steam of very high temperature and pressure. The kinetic energy in the steam rotates the turbines. The rotation of turbines produces its own mechanical kinetic energy. Chemical energy in coal → Thermal energy → Kinetic energy in steam→ kinetic energy b. Nuclear power plant. Answer. Nuclear power plants consist of nuclear reactors. These reactors use uranium rods as fuel

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Environmental management Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 4 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
7 Mar 2026

Environmental management Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 4 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Reorganize the following food chain. Describe the ecosystem to which it belongs. Grasshopper – Snake – Paddy field – Eagle – Frog. Answer. Paddy field represents the primary producer which are plants. Grasshopper is a primary consumer. Primary consumers are organisms that eat the primary producers and are usually herbivores. Frog is a secondary consumer. Secondary consumers are organisms that eat the primary consumers and are generally meat-eaters/carnivores. Snake is a tertiary consumer. Tertiary consumers are organisms that eat the secondary consumers. These organisms are carnivore-eating carnivores, like snakes or big fish. Eagle is a quaternary consumer and in this case it is the apex consumer because it occupies the highest position in the food chain. 2. Explain the statement- ‘we have got this Earth planet on lease from our future generations and not as an ancestral property from our ancestors.’ Answer. The statement that “we have got this Earth planet on lease from our future generations and not as an ancestral property from our ancestors” highlights the fact that the planet is not entirely the property of the current generation. Rather, it is our shared past that we need to preserve for future generations. In order to guarantee that future generations will have access to natural resources, it highlights how important it is for the current generation to use them responsibly. Using resources to meet current demands without sacrificing the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs is known as sustainable development. This idea is especially crucial for fast decreasing non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum. We can make sure that these resources are used wisely and maintain long-term environmental stability by balancing development and conservation through sustainable development. 3. Write short notes. a. Environmental Conservation. Answer. Since existence of human, there is interrelationship between human and environment. Human stepped on the Earth long after formation of Earth. On the Earth, human being proved its superiority as compared to other animals with the help of characters like intelligence, memory, imaginary ability, etc. Human established domination over the nature. Human utilized all the natural resources as much as possible. In an attempt to live a satisfactory life, human kept on snatching from the nature as much as possible and this led to increase in problems. From this entire scenario, we can understand that human has crucial role in maintaining the environmental balance. If human has disturbed the environmental balance, then human itself only can conserve and improve the quality of nature. b. Chipko Movement of Bishnoi. Answer. c. Biodiversity. Answer. Biodiversity refers to the combined diversity at all levels of biological organisation. It includes genetic diversity, species diversity and ecological diversity. Importance of biodiversity: (i) A wide range of materials such as fibres, dyes, resins are obtained from plants. (ii) A variety of plants and animals are utilised as sources of food. (iii) Medicinal plants act as sources of drugs. (iv) Plants and animals also have a cultural and aesthetic value. d. Sacred Groves. Answer. e. Disaster and its management. Answer. 4.How will you justify that overcoming the pollution is a powerful way of environmental management ? Answer. 1. Pollution is created only due to human activities. Air, water, soil, noise, radiation, thermal, light, plastic are different types of pollution.2. All types of pollution affect environment and particularly threatening the survival of living organisms.3. Pollution must be controlled in order to have good quality of the environment. E.g. When plastic is thrown anywhere, it causes pollution of the land, it clogs the rain water drains, it affects feeding of the animals. Plastic pollution can be completely stopped by us through proper management of plastic waste. By recycling or reusing, we can overcome the plastic pollution. This would be a powerful way of environmental management.4. Similarly, when we reduce pollution of different types, we automatically help to regain the environmental health. 5.Which projects will you run in relation to environmental conservation? How? Answer. Initially, assessment of the environmental problems will be done. The nature and severity of these problems will be understood by detailed study of the same. Then the projects can be undertaken to combat these problems. 1. Tree plantation is one such easier project that can be undertaken to conserve environment. The further nurturing of the tree will also be our responsibility. While selecting the tree, the local and sturdy varieties will be selected. Such trees can survive in polluted environment too and even under the pressure of urbanization. 2. Solid waste management is another very important project that should be undertaken by every society, colony or school. Segregation of waste into dry and wet types and then its proper disposal will be taught to all the people in the neighbouring area. 3. To ban the plastic and make people aware about harmful effects of plastic is another very significant project. 4. Fossil fuels are non-renewable and polluting. Therefore, their use should be reduced as far as possible. Therefore, using bicycle, or walking down for shorter distances or using public transport systems are the better alternatives. The awareness drive about these facts will be taken up as a project. 5. To take care of stray animals, provide shelter, feeding endangered birds like sparrows and allowing them to survive with our support is also one of the essential act to conserve other species. 6. Answer the following. a. Write the factors affecting environment. Answer. b. Why does the human beings have important place in environment ? Answer. c. Write the types and examples of biodiversity. Answer. There are 3 types of diversity which are as follows: d. How the biodiversity can be conserved? Answer. Biodiversity can be conserved by the following ways: e. What do we learn from the story of Jadav Molai Peyang? Answer. f. Write the names of biodiversity hot spots. Answer. A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction. For example, forests are considered biodiversity hotspots. The Status is designated by Conservation International. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on

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Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -2 Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 3 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
7 Mar 2026

Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -2 Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 3 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Complete the following chart. Answer. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction 1. Reproduction that occurs with the help of somatic cells is called asexual reproduction. 1. Reproduction that occurs due to fertilization of gametes is called sexual reproduction. 2. For asexual reproduction only one parent is necessary. 2. Male and female parents are necessary for sexual reproduction. 3. This reproduction occurs with the help of mitosis only. 3. This reproduction occurs with the help of both mitosis and meiosis. 4. New individual formed by this method is genetically identical with parents. 4. New individual formed by this method is genetically different from parents. 5. Asexual reproduction occurs in different individuals by various methods like binary fission, multiple fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, vegetative propagation, spore production, etc. 5. Sexual reproduction occurs in two steps: First formation of haploid gametes by meiosis and then fertilization of these haploid gametes to form diploid zygote. There are no subtypes in the sexual reproduction. 2. Fill in the blanks. a. In humans, sperm production occurs in the organ —————-.b. In humans, —— chromosome is responsible for maleness.c. In male and female reproductive system of human, ————- gland is same.d. Implantation of embryo occurs in ——e. ———- type of reproduction occurs without fusion of gametes.f. Body breaks up into several fragments and each fragment starts to live as a new individual. This is — — — — — — — type of reproduction.g. Pollen grains are formed by — —– — — — division in locules of anthers. Answer. (a) testis (b)  Y (c) There is no similar gland in male and female reproductive system. There may be some homologies but there is no similarity. (d) uterus (e) Asexual (f) fragmentation (g) meiosis 3. Complete the paragraph with the help of words given in the bracket. (Luteinizing hormone, endometrium of uterus, follicle stimulating hormone, estrogen, progesterone, corpus luteum) Growth of follicles present in the ovary occurs under the effect of follicle stimulating hormone. This follicle secretes estrogen. Ovarian follicle along with oocyte grows/regenerates under the effect of estrogen. Under the effect of Luteinizing hormone, fully grown up follicle bursts, ovulation occurs and corpus luteum is formed from remaining part of follicle. It secretes estrogen and progesterone. Under the effect of these hormones, glands of endometrium of uterus are activated and it becomes ready for implantation. 4. Answer the following questions in short. a. Explain with examples types of asexual reproduction in unicellular organism. Answer. Asexual reproduction occurs in unicellular organisms through various methods. Some of these methods are as follows: 1. Binary Fission:  In this method, the parent cell divides into two equal parts, resulting in the formation of two new daughter cells. This division occurs through mitotic division. Generally, binary fission occurs in favourable conditions when sufficient food is available. Bacteria, protozoa, mitochondria, and chloroplasts reproduce asexually through binary fission.Depending on the axis of division, binary fission in different protozoa is classified as: a. Simple Binary Fission:  Since Amoeba does not have a definite shape, it can divide along any axis. Therefore, this type of fission is called simple binary fission.Example: Amoeba b. Transverse (Horizontal) Binary Fission:  In Paramecium, division occurs along the transverse axis.Example: Paramecium c. Longitudinal (Vertical) Binary Fission:  In Euglena, division occurs along the longitudinal axis.Example: Euglena 2. Multiple Fission:  Amoeba and similar unicellular protozoa reproduce asexually through multiple fission in unfavourable conditions. When food is insufficient or environmental conditions become unfavourable, Amoeba stops moving and does not produce pseudopodia. It becomes spherical and forms a hard protective covering around itself, known as a “Cyst.”Inside the cyst, the nucleus undergoes multiple mitotic divisions, resulting in the formation of several nuclei. Later, the cytoplasm also divides, producing multiple small Amoebae. 3. Budding:  Yeast reproduces asexually through budding. First, mitotic division occurs in the parent cell, producing two daughter nuclei. A small outgrowth, called a “Bud,” appears on the parent cell. One of the daughter nuclei enters this bud. After growing sufficiently, the bud detaches from the parent cell and starts developing as an independent yeast cell. b. Explain the concept of IVF. Answer. c. Which precautions will you follow to maintain the reproductive health? Answer. The cleanliness of body is very essential but keeping the mind clean is also important to maintain good reproductive health. One should be careful about sexual relationships. These things should not be experimented in young age. Mistakes committed like these can change the sexual health forever. The cleanliness and hygiene during menstruation, the cleanliness of genitals and other private parts are the aspects of personal hygiene. When living in a society, one should always be away from cross-infections of venereal type. d. What is menstrual cycle? Describe it in brief. Answer. 5. In case of sexual reproduction, new-born show similarities about characters. Explain this statement with suitable examples. Answer. (1) Sexual reproduction occurs due to two different gametes. One male gamete is from father while the other female gamete is from mother.(2) Both the gametes are produced by meiosis.(3) When the gametes unite it is called process of fertilization which produces diploid zygote.(4) Due to the chromosomes of parents, their DNA pass to the next generation through such fertilization. Therefore, the characters of newborn show similarities with parents. 6. Sketch the labelled diagrams. a. Human male reproductive system. Answer. b. Human female reproductive system. Answer. c. Flower with its sexual reproductive organs. Answer. d. Menstrual cycle. Answer. 7. Give the names. a. Hormones related with male reproductive system. Answer. Follicle stimulating hormone and ICSH or Luteinizing hormone secreted by pituitary gland, testosterone secreted by testis. b. Hormones secreted by ovary of female reproductive system. Answer. Estrogen and progesterone. c. Types of twins. Answer. Monozygotic twins, Siamese twins and Dizygotic twins. d. Any two sexual diseases. Answer. Gonorrhea and Syphilis. e. Methods of family planning. Answer. Copper T, condoms, oral contraceptive pills. 8. Gender of child is determined by the male? partner of couple. Explain with reasons whether this statement is true or false. Answer. Human females have two X chromosomes (XX) and human males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Therefore, the eggs produced by

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Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1 Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 2 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Science Maharashtra Textbook Solutions
6 Mar 2026

Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1 Class 10 Science 2 Chapter 2 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Fill in the blanks and explain the statements. a. After complete oxidation of a glucose molecules, ……….. number of ATP molecules are formed. Answer. 38 number b. At the end of glycolysis, ……………… molecules are obtained. Answer. pyruvate c. Genetic recombination occurs in ………… phase of prophuse of meiosis-I. Answer. pachytene d. All chromosomes are arranged parallel to equatorial plane of cell in …………. phase of mitosis. Answer. metaphase e. For formation of plasma membrane, _______ molecules are necessary. Answer. phospholipid f. Our muscle cells perform ……………… type of respiration during exercise. Answer. anaerobic 2. Write definitions. a. Nutrition. Answer. Nutrition: The process of taking nutrients in the body and utilizing them by an organism is known as nutrition. b. Nutrients. Answer. Nutrients: The substances like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals etc. which are components of the food are called nutrients. c. Proteins. Answer. Proteins: Protein is a macromolecule which is formed by many amino acids which are joined by peptide bonds. d. Cellular respiration. Answer. Cellular respiration: Oxidation of glucose and other food components which takes place inside the cell in presence or absence of oxygen, is known as cellular respiration. e. Aerobic respiration. Answer. Aerobic respiration: Cellular respiration taking place in presence of oxygen is known as aerobic respiration. f. Glycolysis. Answer. Glycolysis: The process occurring in the cell where a molecule of glucose is oxidized in step by step process forming two molecules of each of pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH2 and water, is called glycolysis. 4. Give scientific reasons. a. Glycolysis vs. TCA Cycle Answer. Feature Glycolysis TCA Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Definition The process of breaking down one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules to produce energy. A series of cyclic reactions that further oxidize acetyl-CoA to produce energy and other molecules. Location Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Occurs in the mitochondria (specifically in the mitochondrial matrix). Starting Material Glucose (6-carbon molecule). Acetyl-CoA (formed from pyruvic acid after glycolysis). End Products 2 Pyruvic acid, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 H₂O. CO₂, H₂O, 2 NADH₂, 1 FADH₂ (per acetyl-CoA; 2 cycles per glucose). Oxygen Requirement Does not require oxygen (occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions). Requires oxygen indirectly (part of aerobic respiration). b. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Answer. Feature Mitosis Meiosis Definition Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair. Cell division that produces four genetically different haploid cells for reproduction. Occurrence Occurs in somatic cells (body cells) and stem cells. Occurs in germ cells (cells that form gametes like sperm and eggs). Number of Divisions One division (includes karyokinesis and cytokinesis). Two divisions (Meiosis-I and Meiosis-II). Daughter Cells Produces 2 daughter cells. Produces 4 daughter cells. Chromosome Number Daughter cells are diploid (2n), same as the parent cell. Daughter cells are haploid (n), with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. Genetic Variation Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. Daughter cells are genetically different due to crossing over and recombination. Purpose Essential for growth, repair, wound healing, and formation of blood cells. Essential for gamete production (sperm, eggs) and spore formation, ensuring genetic diversity. c. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Answer. Feature Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Definition Complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen to produce energy. Incomplete oxidation of glucose without using oxygen to produce energy. Oxygen Requirement Requires oxygen. Does not require oxygen. Location Occurs in cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Krebs cycle, ETC). Occurs only in the cytoplasm (glycolysis followed by fermentation). Steps Involved Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Glycolysis followed by fermentation (e.g., lactic acid or ethanol production). End Products CO₂, H₂O, and a large amount of ATP (up to 38 ATP per glucose). Lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and CO₂ (in yeast), with 2 ATP per glucose. 4. Give scientific reasons. a. Oxygen is necessary for complete oxidation of glucose. Answer. b. Fibres are one of the important nutrients. Answer. c. Cell division is one of the important properties of cells and organisms. Answer. d. Sometimes, higher plants and animals too perform anaerobic respiration. Answer. e. Krebs cycle is also known as citric acid cycle. Answer. 5. Answer in detail. a. Explain the glycolysis in detail. Answer. Glycolysis is an important process in living organisms where one molecule of glucose (a type of sugar) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. This process happens in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in cellular respiration, which helps produce energy for the body. Glycolysis is a universal process that occurs in both plants and animals, whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). b. With the help of suitable diagrams, explain the mitosis in detail. Answer. (1) There are two stages of mitosis. These are(a) Karyokinesis or nuclear division and(b) Cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division. Karyokinesis takes place in further four phases, viz prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. (a) Karyokinesis. (i) Prophase: During prophase, condensation of chromosomes starts. The thin and thread like chromosomes start thickening. They are seen with their pair of sister chromatids. In animal cells the centrioles are seen to duplicate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear. (ii) Metaphase: Chromosomes complete their condensation and each one is seen with its sister chromatids. The chromosomes are seen in equatorial plane of the cell. The spindle fibres are formed from polar region, where centrioles are present, and they attach themselves to the centromere of each chromosome. Nuclear membrane now disappears completely. (iii) Anaphase: The centromeres of the chromosomes now divide forming two daughter chromosomes. The spindle fibres pull apart the chromosomes from equatorial region to the opposite poles. Chromosomes moving to the poles appear like bunch of bananas. One set of chromosomes reach each pole by the end of the anaphase. (iv) Telophase: Telophase is reverse of events that occurred in prophase. The thickened chromosomes decondense. They again assume the thin and thread like appearance. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus appear again. The spindle fibres are completely lost. The cell looks as if it has two nuclei in one cytoplasm. (b) Cytokinesis: In animal cells a notch develops in the middle of the cell. This notch goes on deepening down and later the cytoplasm divides into two. In plant

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