Blog

Study tips that actually help

Real strategies from real teachers and toppers. New post every week.

Biotechnology Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Class 12 | Biology Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions

21 Apr 2026

Biotechnology Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Q. 1. Choose the correct option 1. The bacterium which causes a plant disease called crown gall is …………….b. Helicobacter pyloric. Agrobacterium tumifaciensd. Thermophilus aquaticuse. Bacillus thuringienesis Answer. (b) Agrobacterium tumifaciens 2. The enzyme nuclease hydrolyses …………… of polynucleotide chain of DNA.a. hydrogen bondsb. phosphodiester bondsc. glycosidic bondsd. peptide bonds Answer. (b) phosphodiester bonds 3. In vitro amplification of DNA or RNA segment is known as ……………a. chromatographyb. southern blottingc. polymerase chain reactiond. gel electrophoresis Answer. (c) polymerase chain reaction 4. Which of the following is the correct recognition sequence of restriction enzyme hind III.(a) 5′ —A-A-G-C-T-T— 3′3′ —T-T-C-G-A-A—5′(b) 5′ — G-A-A-T-T-C—3′3′ — C-T-T-A-A-G—5′(c) 5′ — C-G-A-T-T-C—3′3′ — G-C-T-A-A-G—5′(d) 5′ — G-G-C-C—3′3′ — C-C-G-G—5′ Answer. (a) 5’ —A-A-G-C-T-T—3’3’ —T-T-C-G-A-A—5’ 5. Recombinant protein ……………… is used to dissolve blood clots present in the body.a. insulinb. tissue plasminogen activatorc. relaxind. erythropoietin Answer. (b) tissue plasminogen activator 6. Recognition sequence of restriction enzymes are generally ……………….. nucleotide long.(a) 2 to 4(b) 4 to 8(c) 8 to 10(d) 14 to 18 Answer. (b) 4 to 8 Q. 2. Very short answer type questions. 1. Name the vector which is used in protuction of human insulin through recombinent DNA technology. Answer. PBR 322 2. Which cells from Langerhans of pancreas do produce a peptide hormone insulin? Answer. β-cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas produce a peptide hormone insulin. 3. Give the role of Ca++ ions in the transfer of recombinant vector into bacterial host cell. Answer. Ca++ ions promotes binding of plasmid DNA to lipo polysaccharides on bacterial cell surface. Then plasmid can enter the cell on heat shock. 4. Expand the following acronyms which are used in the field of protechnology.i. YAC ii. RE iii. dNTP iv. PCR v. GMO vi. MAC Answer. 5. Fill in the blanks and complete the chart. Answer. GMO Purpose (i) Bt cotton Insect resistance (ii) Flavr savr Tomato Delay the softening of tomato during ripening (iii) Golden rice Rich in vitamin A (iv) Holstein cow High milk productivity Q. 3. Short answer type questions. 1. Explain the properties of a good and ideal cloning vector for rDNA technology. Answer. Desired characteristics of ideal cloning vector are as follows: 2. A PCR machine can rise temperature up to 100 °C but after that it is not able to lower the temperature below 70 °C automatically. Which step of PCR will be hampered first in this faulty machine? Explain why? Answer. 3. In the process of r-DNA technology, if two separate restriction enzymes are used to cut vector and donor DNA then which problem will arise in the formation of r-DNA or chimeric DNA? Explain. Answer. In the process of r-DNA technology, if two separate restriction enzymes are used to cut vector and donor DNA, then it will result in fragments with different sticky ends which will not be complementary to each other. 4. Match and write the pairs. Answer. Recombinent protein Its use in or for (1) Platelet derived growth factor (g) Atherosclerosis (2) a-antitrypsin (e) Emphysema (3) Relaxin (f) Parturition (4) Eryhthropoietin (a) Anemia (5) Factor VIII (c) Haemophilia A (6) DNA ase (b) Cystic fibrosis Q. 4. Long answer type questions. 1. Define and explain terms. i. Biopiracy Answer. Following are the examples of biopiracy:(a) Patenting of Neem (Azadirachta indica): (b) Patenting of Basmati: (c) Haldi (Turmeric) Biopiracy: ii. Biopatent Answer. This patent was not granted by Indian government. Such a patent is considered morally unacceptable and fundamentally unequitable. Such patents would pose a threat to global food security as financially powerful corporations would acquire monopoly over biotechnological process. iii. Bioethics Answer. Ethical aspects pertaining to the use of biotechnology are: 2. Explain the steps in process of rDNA technology with suitable diagrams. Answer. The steps involved in gene cloning are as follows:(1) Isolation of DNA (gene) from the donor organism: (2) Insertion of desired foreign gene into a cloning vector (vehicle DNA): (3) Transfer of r-DNA into suitable competent host or cloning organism: (4) Selection of the transformed host cell: (5) Multiplication of transformed host cell: (6) Expression of gene to obtain desired product. Then desired products like enzymes, antibiotiocs etc. separated and purified through down stream processing using bioreactors. 3. Explain the gene therapy. Give two methods of the same. Answer. Gene therapy is the treatment of genetic disorders by replacing, altering or supplementing a gene that is absent or abnormal and whose absence or abnormality is responsible for the disease.Types of gene therapy:(a) Germ line gene therapy: (b) Somatic cell gene therapy: 4. How are the transgenic mice used in cancer research? Answer. 5. Give the steps in PCR or polymerase chain reaction with suitable diagrams. Answer. (1) The DNA segment and excess of two primer molecules, four types of dNTPs, the thermostable DNA polymerase are mixed together in ‘eppendorf tube’. (2) One PCR cycle is of 3-4 minutes duration and it involves following steps: (3) In an automatic thermal cycler, the above three steps are automatically repeated 20-30 times.(4) Thus, at the end of ‘n’ cycles 2n copies of DNA segments, get synthesized. 6. What is a vaccine? Give advantages of oral vaccines or edible vaccines. Answer. 7. Enlist different types of restriction enzymes commonly used in rDNA technology? Write on their role. Answer. 8. Enlist and write in breif about the different biological tools required in rDNA technology. Answer. The biological tools used in r-DNA technology are various enzymes, cloning vectors and competent hosts.(1) Enzymes: (2) Vectors: (3) Competent host cells:

Read article

Tourism Class 9 Geography Chapter 12 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Class 9 Social Science Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions

30 Mar 2026

Tourism Class 9 Geography Chapter 12 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Identify the type of tourism from the statement. (A) Hemant Kumar went to Mexico to learn about the architectural skills of the Mayan culture. Answer. Cultural Tourism (B) Portuguese tourists had come to Goa to participate in the Goa Carnival. Answer. Cultural Tourism (C) To seek treatment in a naturopathy centre, John and Amar went to Kerala. Answer. Medical Tourism. (D) Pundalikrao accomplished the Char Dham Yatra with his family. Answer. Religious Tourism. (E) Rameshwari from Pune went to enjoy Hurda (Roasted Grain) party and learn about modern and traditional methods of agriculture. Answer. Agro-tourism. (F) Sayyed family went to Ajmer Durgah. Answer. Religious tourism. 2. Match the columns identifying the correlation. Make a chain. Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ Group ‘C’ (1) Tadoba Madhya Pradesh Lake (2) Bird Sanctuary Agra Butterflies (3) Sanjay Gandhi National Park Manipur Kailash caves (4) Taj Mahal Nannaj Film city (5) Ramoji Film City Ellora World-famous wonder (6) Radhanagari Mumbai Ancient cave- paintings (7) Bimbetka Hyderabad Great Indian Bustard (Maaldhok) (8) Ancient Caves Kolhapur Kanheri Caves (9) Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary Chandrapur Bison (10) Loktak Arunachal Pradesh Tiger Answer. Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ Group ‘C’ (1) Tadoba Chandrapur Tiger (2) Bird Sanctuary Nannaj Great Indian Bustard (Maaldhok) (3) Sanjay Gandhi National Park Mumbai Kanheri Caves (4) Taj Mahal Agra World-famous wonder (5) Ramoji Film City Hyderabad Film city (6) Radhanagari Kolhapur Bison (7) Bimbetka Madhya Pradesh Ancient cave- paintings (8) Ancient Caves Ellora Kailash caves (9) Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary Arunachal Pradesh Butterflies (10) Loktak Manipur Lake 3. Answer in brief. 1) Differentiate between religious and cultural tourism. Answer. Religious tourism Cultural tourism (i) religious tourism is a type of tourism in which tourists travel for pilgrimage. Cultural tourism refers to a type of tourism in which tourists travel to cultural attractions away from residence to gather new information and experience. (ii) In religious tourism various religious places, temples, churches, etc. are visited for performing religious activities and gaining spiritual peace. In cultural tourism art, architecture, religion, customs, traditions, lifestyle, etc. of a particular region are experienced and studied. (iii) For example, a visit to Shirdi, Haji Ali, Mount Mary Church, etc. For example, Portuguese tourists participating in Goa carnival. 2) What are the objectives of tourism? Answer. Following are the objectives of tourism: 3) Explain the environmental effects of tourism. Answer. Following are the environmental effects of tourism: 4) What opportunities develop with development of tourism? Answer. 5) Suggest measures after explaining the problems arising at the tourist places. Answer. (i) The problems that may arise at the tourist places: (ii) Measures to minimize the problems arising at the tourist places: 6) Explain with reason the places of interest that can be developed as tourist centres in your district. Answer. 7) Local people get employment due to tourism. Give reasons. Answer. 4. Make a notice board containing instructions for the tourists at a tourist place. Answer. 5. Explain how relevant is the concept of “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guest is our God) with respect to tourism. Answer. 6. The tourism map of Maharashtra is given. Answer the following questions based on the map. (1) Make a list of places having hot springs. What are the reasons for these being located here ? Answer. Say, Vajreshwari, Kapeshwar, Unakeshwar, linhavare, Unapdev are the places that have hot springs. Reason of hot water springs because geothermally heated ground water rises from the Earth’s crust. (2) At what places do you find the correlation between transportation routes and development of tourism? Answer.

Read article

Study of Sound Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Class 9 Science Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions

24 Feb 2026

Study of Sound Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Fill in the blanks and explain. a. Sound does not travel through………… Answer. Vacuum b. The velocity of sound in steel is …………… than the velocity of sound in water. Answer. Greater c. The incidence of ……… in daily life shows that the velocity of sound is less than the velocity of light. Answer. (i) An Airplane is seen first and its sound is heard later. (ii) lightning is seen first and thunder is heard later. d. To discover a sunken ship or objects deep inside the sea, ………………….. technology is used. Answer. Sonar 2. Explain giving scientific reasons. a. The roof of a movie theatre and a conference hall is curved. Answer. b. The intensity of reverberation is higher in a closed and empty house. Answer. c. We cannot hear the echo produced in a classroom. Answer. 3. Answer the following questions in your own words. a. What is an echo? What factors are important to get a distinct echo? Answer. b. Study the construction of the Golghumat at Vijapur and discuss the reasons for the multiple echoes produced there. Answer. c. What should be the dimensions and the shape of classrooms so that no echo can be produced there? Answer. 4. Where and why are sound absorbing materials used? Answer. The sound absorbing materials are used in : 5. Solve the following examples. a. The speed of sound in air at O °C is 332 m/s. If it increases at the rate of 0.6 m/s per degree, what will be the temperature when the velocity has increased to 344 m/s? Answer. Given:Initial speed of sound at 0°C 332 m/s.Final speed of sound -344 m/s.Rate of increase per degree rise in temp. = 0.6m/sTo find:Temperature when speed is 344m/sFormulae: Temperature when the speed of sound is 344 m/sis 20°C b. Nita heard the sound of lightning after 4 seconds of seeing it. What was the distance of the lightning from her? (The velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s?) (Ans: 1360 m) Answer. Given : Speed of sound (v) = 340 m/sTime taken (f) = 4 secTo find : Distance (s) = ? The lightning has struck at a distance of 1360 m from the observer. c. Sunil is standing between two parallel walls. The wall closest to him is at a distance of 660 m. If he shouts, he hears the first echo after 4 s and another after another 2 seconds. 1.What is the velocity of sound in air? 2.What is the distance between the two walls? (Ans: 330 m/s; 1650 m) Answer. Given:Distance of the closer wall (S1) = 660 mTime of echo from closer wall = 4 sec∴ Time taken (t1) = 4/2 sec = 2 secTime of echo from distant wall = 6 sec∴ Time taken (t2) = 6/2 sec = 3 secTo find :Velocity of sound in air (y) =?Distance between two walls (S1 + S2) = ? The velocity of sound in air is 330 mIs and the distance between two walls is 1650 m. d. Hydrogen gas is filled in two identical bottles, A and B, at the same temperature. The mass of hydrogen in the two bottles is 12 gm and 48 gm respectively. In which bottle will sound travel faster? How may times as fast as the other? (Ans: In A; Twice) Answer. Hence, sound will travel faster in bottle A and its speed will be twice as that of bottle B. e. Helium gas is filled in two identical bottles A and B. The mass of the gas in the two bottles is 10 gm and 40 gm respectively. If the speed of sound is the same in both bottles, what conclusions will you draw? (Ans: Temperature of B is 4 times the temperature of A.) Answer. Given:Mass of Helium in bottle A = (mA) = 10gmMass of Helium in bottle B = (mB) = 40gm The temperature of B is 4 times the temperature of A

Read article

Class 8 | Science | Textbook Solutions | Maharashtra Board

20 Feb 2025

Class 8 | Science | Chapter 12 | Introduction To Acid and Base | Exercise Solution | Maharashtra Board

1. Identify the following solutions, whether they are acid or base. 2. Write chemical names from given formulae.H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, HCl, NaOH, KOH, NH4OH Answer: 3. Sulphuric acid has highest importance in chemical Industry. Why? Answer:Sulphuric acid has highest importance in the chemical industry because it is used in the manufacturing of fertilizers like ammonium sulphate and superphosphate of lime. It is used in the manufacturing of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, ether, plastics and metal sulphates. It is also used in the manufacturing of dyes, drugs, perfumes, disinfectants and glue. 4. Give answers. a. Which acid is used for getting chloride salt?Answer:Hydrochloric acid is used for getting chloride salt. b. By squeezzing lemon on a piece of rock the gas liberated turned lime water milky. Which compound is present in the rock?Answer:Metal carbonate is present in the rock. c. The label on the bottle of chemical is spoiled. How will you find whether the chemical is acidic or not?Answer:The chemical is tested with blue litmus paper. If it turns red it is an acidic otherwise tested with red litmus paper, if it turns blue, it is an alkaline. 5. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the difference between acid and base.Answer:Acids: Bases: b. Why indicator does not affect by salt?Answer:Mostly indicators are organic compounds which do not react with a salt. c. Which substances are produced i by neutralization process?Answer:Salt and water are produced in the f neutralization process. d. Which are the industrial uses of acids?Answer:Acids which are used in the industry are: 1. Sulphuric acid: Sulphuric acid is 5 used (a) in the manufacture of chemical? fertilizers like ammonium sulphate, (b) for cleaning gold and silver articles and (c) in car batteries. 2. Hydrochloric acid: Hydrochloric acid is used (a) to clean toilets and (b) to obtain glucose from starch and also for producing gelatine. 3. Nitric acid: Nitric acid is used (a) in the manufacture of perfumes (b) for engraving on copper, brass or silver and (c) in the manufacture of paints and explosives. 6. Select proper word given in bracket and fill in the blanks. a. Main constituent of acid is ……………. .Answer:Main constituent of acid is H+ ion. b. Main constituent of alkali is …………….. .Answer:Main constituent of alkali is OH– ion. c. Tartaric acid is a …………… acid.Answer:Tartaric acid is a weak acid. 7. Match the pairs. Group A Group B 1. Tamarind a. Acetic acid 2. Curd b. Citric acid 3. Lemon c. Tartaric acid 4. Vinegar d. Lactic acid Answer: Group A Group B 1. Tamarind c. Tartaric acid 2. Curd d. Lactic acid 3. Lemon b. Citric acid 4. Vinegar a. Acetic acid 8. State true or false. a. Oxides of metals are alkaline in nature.Answer:True. b. Salt is acidic.Answer:False. (Salt is neutral) c. Metal corrodes due to salts.Answer:False. (Acids and bases corrode metals) d. Salts are neutral.Answer:True. (Not all salts neutral) 9. Classify the following substances into acidic, basic and neutral group:HCl, NaCl, MgO, KCl, CaO, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O and Na2CO3. Answer: Group Substances Acid HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 Base CaO, MgO, Na2CO3 Neutral H2O, NaCl, KCl.

Read article

Class 7 | Science | Textbook Solutions | Maharashtra Board

8 Jul 2024

Class 7 | Science | Chapter 12 | The Muscular System and Digestive System in Human Beings | Maharashtra Board | Solution

1. Fill in the blanks with the right word from the brackets: a. The process of digestion starts from the ………….. (stomach, mouth).Answer:mouth b. Eyelids have …………… muscles. (voluntary, involuntary)Answer:involuntary c. ……………. is not a function of muscular system. (production of blood cell, performing movement)Answer:Production of blood cells d. Muscles of the heart are …………….. . (ordinary muscles, cardiac muscles)Answer:cardiac muscles e. Pushing forward the food that has been chewed is the function of the …………… . (stomach, oesophagus)Answer:Oesophagus. 2. Find a match for me. Group ‘A’ Group’B’ 1. Cardiac muscle a. Always functions in pairs 2. Are brought about by muscle b. We never feel tired 3. Pepsin c. Uncontrolled and painful contraction of muscles 4. Cramps d. Chewing movement of the jaw 5. Skeletal muscles e. Enzymes of the gastric juice Answer: Group ‘A’ Group’B’ 1. Cardiac muscle b. We never feel tired 2. Are brought about by muscle d. Chewing movement of the jaw 3. Pepsin c. Uncontrolled and painful contraction of muscles 4. Cramps e. Enzymes of the gastric juice 5. Skeletal muscles a. Always functions in pairs 3. Who is telling a lie? Organ Statement 1. Tongue a. My taste buds can tell only a sweet taste. 2. Liver b. I am the largest gland in the body. 3. Large intestine c. I am 7.5 metre long. 4. Appendix d. Digestion is impossible without me 5. Lung e. I play an important role in excretion. Answer: 4. Give reasons. Answer: 2. Cardiac muscles are said to be involuntary muscles.Answer: So cardiac muscles are said to be involuntary muscles. 3. Intoxicating substances should not be consumed.Answer: 4. Your muscles should be strong and efficient.Answer:Muscles are bundles of fibres that can contract and relax as required. 5. Answer the following. a. How many types of muscles are there? Which are those types?Answer:Muscles are bundles of fibres that can contract and relax as required. There are three types of muscles. 1. Skeletal muscles: (a) Skeletal muscles work with bones, the two ends of each of these muscles are attached to two different bones. (b) They are responsible for holding the bones of the skeleton together and giving shape to our body, (c) Skeletal muscles permits movement of t the body and maintain the posture of the body. (d) Skeletal muscle is voluntary e.g. muscles in our arms and legs are voluntary muscles, their action depends upon our will. That’s why they are called voluntary muscles. 2. Heart or cardiac muscles: (a) Heart or cardiac muscles bring about the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart. (b) Their movement is involuntary, (c) Cardiac muscles cause our heart to relax and contract continuously at a rate of about 70 times per minute, (d) Cardiac muscle is found in heart. 3. Smooth muscles: (a) These muscles are present in the internal organs other than the heart, e.g. muscles of the stomach, intestine, blood vessels, uterus etc. (b)Their movements are involuntary and slow, (c) They are not according to our will. (d) Various vital functions of our body such as digestion, respiration and movement of food material of which we remain quite unaware, are carried out by these special muscles. b. What causes the problem of acidity? What is its effect on the body?Answer: c. Name the different types of teeth. What is the function of each type?Answer:There are four types of teeth, namely incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars.Each tooth is covered by a hard substance called enamel. Enamel is made up of calcium salt.The process of digestion begins with the function of the teeth in the mouth.1. Incisors: (a) These come in first 6-months of age. Incisors are the eight teeth in the front and centre four on top and four on bottom, (b) They are sharp and blade like for cutting food. e.g. for biting an apple, (c) We use them to take first bite of food. 2. Canines: (a) These are strong and pointed, sharpest of all for tearing food. e.g. to tear off a piece of tough meat, (b) They play important role in digestion of food, (c) They appear between 11 and 20 months of age. 3. Pre-molar: Pre molar share features of both canines and molars. (a) You can use them for grinding and chewing food. So that it becomes semi-liquid helping to gulp down the throat easily, (b) They are situated at each side of your mouth in deep settings, (c) They appear at the age of 10 years. 4. Molar: (a) These are broad and flat on top for crushing and grinding food. e.g. to grind up nutmeats. (b) Two teeth above and two teeth below, they appear at the age 11-13 years. (c) Molars are more prone to germ attack because of their remote location in our mouth.So we should keep them clean. 6. Sketch and label a diagram of the digestive system and describe it in your own words. Answer: a. Oesophagus: b. Stomach: c. Small intestine: (6m long) d. Large intestine: (1.5m long) only water is absorbed in the large intestine. Undigested remain is thrown out of the body through the anus.

Read article