Blog

Study tips that actually help

Real strategies from real teachers and toppers. New post every week.

Ecosystems and Energy flow Class 12 Biology Chapter 14 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 12 | Biology Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions
22 Apr 2026

Ecosystems and Energy flow Class 12 Biology Chapter 14 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Q. 1. Multiple choice questions 1. Which one of the following has the largest population in a food chain?a. Producersb. Primary consumersc. Secondary consumersd. Decomposers Answer. (a) Producers 2. The second trophic level in a lake is ……………………(a) Phytoplankton(b) Zooplankton(c) Benthos(d) Fishes Answer. (b) Zooplankton 3. Secondary consumers are …………………….(a) Herbivores(b) Producers(c) Carnivores(d) Autotrophs Answer. (c) Carnivores 4. What is the % of photosynthetically active radiation in the incident solar radiation?(a) 100%(b) 50%(c) 1-5%(d) 2-10% Answer. (b) 50% 5. Give the term used to express a community in its final stage of succession?a. End communityb. Final communityc. Climax communityd. Dark community Answer. (c) Climax community 6. After landslide which of the following type of succession occurs?(a) Primary(b) Secondary(c) Tertiary(d) Climax Answer. (a) Primary 7. Which of the following is most often a limiting factor of the primary productivity in any ecosystem?(a) Carbon(b) Nitrogen(c) Phosphorus(d) Sulphur Answer. (c) Phosphorus Q. 2. Very short answer question. 1. Give an example of ecosystem which shows inverted pyramid of numbers. Answer. Number of insects dependent on a single tree, is an example of ecosystem having inverted pyramid of numbers. 2. Give an example of ecosystem which shows inverted pyramid of biomass. Answer. Oceanic ecosystem has inverted pyramid of biomass. 3. Which mineral acts as limiting factor for productivity in an aquatic ecosystem. Answer. Phosphorus acts as limiting factor for productivity in an aquatic ecosystem. 4. Name the reservoir and sink of carbon in carbon cycle. Answer. Atmosphere is the reservoir of carbon cycle, while fossil fuels embedded in ocean and oceanic waters are the sink of carbon in carbon cycle. Q. 3. Short answer questions. 1. Distinguish between upright and inverted pyramid of biomass Answer. Upright pyramid Inverted pyramid 1. In upright pyramid, the number and biomass of the organisms which are at first trophic level of producers is high. 1. In inverted pyramid, the number and biomass of organisms at first trophic levels of producers is lowest. 2. The biomass goes on decreasing at each trophic level. 2. The biomass foes on increasing at each trophic level. 3. The base of the pyramid is always in large number of producers. 3. The base of pyramid is always in small numbers of producers. 4. Pyramid is always upright. 4. Pyramid is always inverted. 2. Distinguish between Food chain and Food web. Answer. Food chain Food web 1. Food chain is the linear sequence of organisms for feeding purpose. 1. Food web is interconnections between many small food chains. 2. In food chain the flow of energy is through a single straight pathway from the lower trophic level to the higher trophic level. 2. In food web, the energy flow is interconnected through numerous food chains in the ecosystem. 3. In a food chain, members present at higher trophic level feeds on only single type of organisms. 3. In a food web, one organism can feed on multiple types of organisms. 4. Energy flow can be easily calculated in food chain. 4. Energy flow is difficult to calculate in a food web. 5. In food chain there is increased instability due to increasing number of separate and confined food chains. 5. In food web there is increased stability due to the presence of the complex food chains. 6. The whole food chain gets affected even if one group of an organism is disturbed. 6. The food web does not get disturbed by the removal of one group of organisms. 7. Member of higher trophic level depends or feed upon the single type of organisms of the lower trophic level. 7. The members of higher trophic level depend or feed upon many different types of the organism of the lower trophic level. 8. Food chain consists of only 4-6 trophic levels of different species. 8. Food web contains numerous trophic levels and also of different populations of species. 9. Competition is seen in members of same trophic level. 9. Competition is seen in members of same as well as different trophic levels. 10. Food chains are of two types:1. Grazing food chain 2. Detritus food chain. 10. In food web there are no types Q. 4. Long answer questions. 1. Define ecological pyramids and describe with examples, pyramids of number and biomass. Answer. 1. Ecological Pyramids : Ecological Pyramids are the representation of relationships between different components of ecosystem at successive trophic levels. 2. Pyramid of numbers: 3. Pyramid of biomass:(1) Pyramid of biomass are constructed by taking into consideration the different biomass in every successive trophic level.(2) Pyramid of biomass in seas in inverted as the biomass of fishes is more than the biomass of phytoplankton. 2. What is primary productivity? Give brief description of factors that affect primary productivity. Answer. (1) Primary Productivity : The rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem which is expressed in units of mass per unit surface (or volume) per unit time, for instance grams per square metre per day (g/m²/day) is called primary productivity. (2) Primary productivity is described as gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP). (3) The rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis is called gross primary productivity of an ecosystem. Of this the amount of energy lost through respiration of plants is called respiratory losses. (4) Gross primary productivity minus respiratory losses gives the net primary productivity (NPP). (5) Net primary productivity is the available biomass for the consumption to heterotrophs (herbivores, carnivores and decomposers). (6) Factors affecting primary productivity: Gross primary productivity (GPP) depends on the following factors: 3. Define decomposition and describe the processes and products of decomposition. Answer. 4. Write important features of a sedimentary cycle in an ecosystem. Answer. 5. Discribe carbon cycle and add a note on the impact of human activities on carbon cycle. Answer. I. Carbon cycle:(1) The entire carbon cycle has following basic processes viz. Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, Sedimentation and Combustion. (2) Carbon is an important element as it forms 49% of the dry weight of all organisms. 71% of global

Read article
Respiration and Circulation Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 12 | Biology Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions
15 Apr 2026

Respiration and Circulation Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Q. 1. Choose the correct alternatives from those given below and complete the statements. 1. The muscular structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity is …………………..(a) pleura(b) diaphragm(c) trachea(d) epithelium Answer. (b) diaphragm 2. What is the minimum number of plasma membrane that oxygen has to diffuse across to pass from air in the alveolus to haemoglobin inside a R.B.C.?(a) two(b) three(c) four(d) five Answer. (a) two 3. …………………. is a sound producing organ.(a) Larynx(b) Pharynx(c) Tonsils(d) Trachea Answer. (a) Larynx 4. The maximum volume of gas that is inhaled during breathing in addition to T.V. is …………………..(a) residual volume(b) IRV(c) GRV.(d) vital capacity Answer. (b) IRV 5. ……………. muscles contract when the external intercostal muscles contracta. Internal abdominalb. Jawc. Muscles in bronchial wallsd. Diaphragm Answer. (d) Diaphragm 6. Movement of cytoplasm in unicellular organisms is called …………………..(a) diffusion(b) cyclosis(c) circulation(d) thrombosis Answer. (b) cyclosis 7. Which of the following animals do not have closed circulation?(a) Earthworm(b) Rabbit(c) Butterfly(d) Shark Answer. (c) Butterfly 8. Diapedesis is performed by …………………..(a) erythrocytes(b) thrombocytes(c) adipocytes(d) leucocytes Answer. (d) leucocytes 9. Pacemaker of heart is …………………..(a) SA node(b) AV node(c) His bundle(d) Purkinje fibers Answer. (a) SA node 10. Which of the following is without nucleus?(a) Red blood corpuscle(b) Neutrophil(c) Basophil(d) Lymphocyte Answer. (a) Red blood corpuscle 11. Cockroach shows which kind of circulatory system?(a) Open(b) Closed(c) Lymphatic(d) Double Answer. (a) Open 12. Diapedesis can be seen in …………………..(a) RBCl(b) WBC(c) Platelet(d) neuron Answer. (b) WBC 13. Opening of inferior vena cava is guarded by ______.a. bicuspid valveb. tricuspid valvec. Eustachian valved. Thebesian valve Answer. (c) Eustachian valve 14. …………………. wave in ECG represent atrial depolarization.(a) P(b) QRS complex(c) Q(d) T Answer. (a) P 15. The fluid seen in the intercellular spaces in Human is …………………..(a) blood(b) lymph(c) interstitial fluid(d) water Answer. (b) lymph Q. 2. Match the Respiratory surface to the organism in which it is found. Respiratory surface Organism (1) Plasma membrane (a) Insect (2) Lungs (b) Salamander (3) External gills (c) Bird (4) Internal gills (d) Amoeba (5) Trachea (e) Fish Answer. Respiratory surface Organism (1) Plasma membrane (d) Amoeba (2) Lungs (c) Bird (3) External gills (b) Salamander (4) Internal gills (e) Fish (5) Trachea (a) Insect Q. 3. Very short answer questions. 1. Why does trachea have ‘C’ shaped rings of cartilage? Answer. Trachea is supported by ‘C’-shaped rings of J cartilage which prevent it from collapsing and always keep it open. 2. Why is respiration in insect called direct respiration? Answer. Respiration in insect is called direct because tracheal tubes exchange O2 and CO2 directly with the haemocoel which then exchange them with tissues. 3. Why is gas exchange very rapid at alveolar level. Answer. Gas exchange is very rapid at alveolar level because numerous alveoli (about 700 millions) in the lungs provide large surface area for gaseous exchange. 4. Name the organ which prevents the following the entry of food into the trachea while eating. Answer. Epiglottis prevents the entry of food into trachea while eating. Q. 4. Short answer questions. 1. Why is it advantageous to breathe through the nose than through the mouth? Answer. Breathing through nose is better than breathing through the mouth because of the following reasons: 2. Identify the incorrect statement and correct it,a. A respiratory surface area should have a large surface area.b. A respiratory surface area should be kept dry.c. A respiratory surface area should be thin, may be 1mm or less. Answer. Statement (a) and statement (c) are correct whereas statement (b) is incorrect. A respiratory surface area should be kept moist, is the correct statement. 3. Given below are the characteristics of some modified respiratory movement. Identify them. a. Spasmodic contraction of muscles of expiration and forceful expulsion of air through nose and mouth. Answer. Sneezing b. An inspiration followed by many short convulsive expiration accompanied by facial expression. Answer. Laughing, Crying. 4. Write a note on blood plasma. Answer. 5. Explain blood clotting in short. Answer. 6. Describe pericardium. Answer. 7. Describe valves of human heart. Answer. Human heart has following main valves: 8. What is role of papillary muscles and chordae tendinae in human heart? Answer. 9. Explain in brief the factors affecting blood pressure. Answer. Q. 5. Give scientific reason. 1. Closed circulation is more efficient than open circulation. Answer. 2. Human heart is called as myogenic and autorhythmic. Answer. 3. Person who has undergone heart transplant needs lifetime supply of immunosupressants. Answer. a. Immunosuppressants are the drugs that reduce the level of immune activity and the risk of rejection of foreign bodies such as transplant organs. b. After transplantation, there is a risk of graft rejection as the body may recognize the transplanted organ/tissue as foreign and may trigger an immune response thereby damaging the transplanted organ. Therefore, the heart recipient has to rely upon lifetime supply of immunosuppressants. 4. Arteries are thicker than veins. Answer. 5. Left ventricle is thick than all other chambers of heart. Answer. Q. 6. Distinguish between : 1. Open and closed circulation. Answer. Open circulation Closed circulation 1. In open circulation, blood flows through large open spaces and channels called lacunae and haemocoels among the tissues. 1. In closed circulation, blood flows through a network of blood vessels all over the body. 2. Tissues are in direct contact with the blood. 2. Blood does not come in direct contact with tissue. 3. Blood flows with low pressure and usually does not contain any respiratory pigment like haemoglobin. 3. Blood flows with high pressure and contains respiratory pigment like haemoglobin. 4. Exchange of material takes place directly between blood and cells or tissues of the body. 4. Exchange of material takes place between blood and body tissues through an intermediate fluid called lymph. 5. Volume of blood flowing through a tissue cannot be controlled as blood flows out in open space. 5. Volume of blood can be regulated by the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. 6. Open circulatory system is found in arthropods

Read article
Exogenetic Processes Part- I Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 9 Social Science Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions
25 Mar 2026

Exogenetic Processes Part- I Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Answer in brief (a) What is mechanical weathering ? Answer. (b) What are the main types of chemical weathering? Answer. The process of decomposition of rocks due to changes in their chemical composition is called chemical weathering.Its main types are:(i) Carbonation (ii) Solution (iii) Oxidation (c) How does biological weathering occur? Answer: (d) Distinguish between weathering and mass wasting. Answer. Weathering Mass Wasting (i) Breaking or weakening of rocks is called as weathering. (i) When weathered rock material moves down the slopes due to gravity and accumulate near the foothills or gentle slopes, it is mass wasting. (ii) Weathering is of three types – Mechanical, Chemical and Biological. (ii) Mass wasting is of two types – Rapid and Slow. 2. Write whether the statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect ones. (a) Climate affects earthquakes. Answer. (b) Mechanical weathering is less effective in humid climates. (c) Mechanical weathering happens on a large scale in dry climates. (d) The breaking down of rocks into smaller particles is called weathering. (e) Lateritic rocks are formed through exfoliation. 3. Complete the flowchart below. Answer. 4. Identify the type of weathering from the given description. (a) Some animals live inside the grounds by making burrows. Answer. Biological weathering (b) The rock rusts. Answer. Chemical weathering (c) Water which has accumulated in the crevices of the rocks freezes. Consequently, the rock breaks. Answer. Mechanical weathering (d) The pipes supplying water in colder regions break.Answer. Mechanical weathering (e) Sand formation occurs in deserts. Answer. Mechanical weathering 5. Using internet, look for incidences of a few landslides that have occurred in India and write about them briefly. Answer. Malin Landslide (2014): Kedarnath Landslide (2013): Kerala Landslides (2018):

Read article
Tourism, Transport and Communication Class 10 Geography Chapter 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Social Science Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions
12 Mar 2026

Tourism, Transport and Communication Class 10 Geography Chapter 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. State whether right or wrong with reasons. (a) The future of tourism is bright in India due to its natural diversity. Answer. Right. (b) Tourism is an invisible trade. Answer. Right. (c) The indicator of development in a country is the development of transport in that country. Answer. Right (d) Brazil’s time is ahead of India’s time. Answer. Wrong (e) The development of tourism in India has begun recently. Answer. Right. 2. Answer in short (a) Which factors attract more tourists in Brazil? Answer. The factors which attract more tourists in Brazil are: (b) What are the difficulties in the development of the railway system in Brazil’s internal areas? Answer. (c) Which means of communication has expedited the field of communications? Answer. Communication is a process of sending and receiving information such as post, newspapers, telecom, and so on. In today’s world: 3. A plane leaves Brasilia at 11 a.m. on 31st December. The plane crosses 0° Meridian and reaches Vladivostok via New Delhi. Tell the local time, date and day at New Delhi and Vladivostok when the plane leaves Brasilia. Answer. Time difference between Brasilia and GMT = 3 hoursTime at GMT = 11 a.m.+3 hours= 2.00p.m. Time difference between GMT and New Delhi = 5 hours 30 min.Time at New Delhi = 2 a.m. + 5 hours 30 min.= 7 hours 30 min.= 31st December,Sunday, 7.30 p.m. Time difference betweenNew Delhi and Vladivostok = 4 hours 30 min.Time at Vladivostok = 7.30 p.m. + 4 hours 30 min.= 12.00 am The local time, date and day at Delhi are 7 : 30p.m. , 31st December, Sundaylocal time, date and day at Vladivostok are 12 am. , 1st January, Monday. 4. Match the columns. Column A’ Column ’B’ (1) Trans-Amazonian(2) Road Transport(3) Rio de Janeiro(4) Manmad (a) Tourist Place Highway(b) Railway Station in India(c) Golden Quadrilateral(d) Major Highway(e) 40° W Meridian Answer. 1 – d2 – c3 – a4 – b 5. Give geographical reasons. (a) Eco-tourism is being developed more in Brazil. Answer. (b) The waterways are not developed in Brazil. Answer. (c) A dense network of railways has developed in the north Indian plains. Answer. (d) Development of transport is important for country’s progress. Answer. (e) We rely on the sea route for international trade. Answer. 6. Differentiate between. (a) Water transport in the Amazon and the Ganga river. Answer. Water transport in the Amazon River Water Transport in the Ganga River (i) River Amazon is navigable throughout its course due to its gentle slope.(ii) Boats ply from Equitos in Peru to its mouth i.e., approximately 3700 km.(iii) River Amazon is used for navigation between Brazil and neighbouring countries. (i) River Ganga is navigable only in its middle and lower course which is gentler as compared to its upper course.(ii) Boats ply from Allahabad to Haldia. i.e. approximately 1620 km.(iii) River Ganga is used for inland transportation. (b) Communication in Brazil and India Answer. Communication in Brazil Communication in India (i) Telecommunication services in Brazil are well developed and efficient.(ii) Brazil is developing technology to send domestically-made satellites into space with its own rockets. (i) With the explosion of electronic media, telecommunication industry has become one of the fast growing sectors.(ii) With development of our own satellites, India has come a long way in this field. (c) IST and BRT Answer. IST BRT (i) 1ST is the Indian Standard Time. (i) BRT is the Brasilia Time/Brazil Time. (Standard Time) (ii) India has only one standard time zone. (ii) Brazil has four time zones. (iii) The official 1ST is based on 82.5° E longitude (iii) The official BRT is GMT – 03 which passes which passes through Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. through Brasilia. (iv) 1ST is 5hrs 30mins ahead of Greenwich Meridian (iv) BRT is 2,3,4, or 5 hrs behind Greenwich Meridian (v) Time as India is in the eastern hemisphere. (v) Time as Brazil is in the western hemisphere. 7. Write notes on. (a) Modern means of communication Answer. (i) Modern means of communication includes landlines as well as mobile services, television broadcasting and computer/internet access.(ii) In this era of information and communication technology, digitally enhanced communication devices like mobile phones, smart phones, internet and satellites are being used. (b) Air transport in India Answer. (i) Air transport is more developed in India as compared to Brazil.(ii) The use of international and internal airways is increasing.(iii) Important airports from where domestic and foreign travel take place are Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, etc. (c) Correlation between physiographic and internal waterways Answer. (i) Internal (Inland) waterways comprises of rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc. which are the cheap means of transportation.(ii) Deep waters, gentle slopes, absence of rapids and waterfalls and the long course of rivers are favourable factors for development of internal waterways.(iii) The longest waterways in the world is developed in the Amazon river in Brazil which is navigable for around 3700 kms.(iv) Perennial river like Ganga in India is navigable in its lower course but the peninsular rivers are not used due to shallow waters, shorter course, seasonal nature, etc. (d) Importance of Standard Time Answer. (i) Standard Time is the official time and is commonly accepted all over the country or region.(ii) The importance of Standard Time is the most, if the country has a vast longitudinal extent, since there will be a great difference between the time of its places located in the eastern and the western parts.(iii) It helps in making proper schedules of travel, business meeting, co-ordinating the functioning of various organisations, etc.(iv) Thus Standard Time helps in avoiding confusion regarding day, date and time.

Read article
Economy and Occupations Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Social Science Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions
12 Mar 2026

Economy and Occupations Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Fill in the blank with appropriate word. (a) India’s per capita income is less than Brazil due to ______. (i) Low national income(ii) Massive Population(iii) Big family size(iv) Low foodgrain production Answer. (ii) Massive Population (b) The economy of Brazil is mainly dependent on the _______activities there. (i) primary(ii) secondary(iii) tertiary(iv) quaternary Answer. (iii) tertiary (c) The economies of India and Brazil are of the _______ type. (i) undeveloped(ii) developed(iii) developing(iv) highly developed Answer. (iii) developing 2. Answer the following questions: (a) Why has mining not developed in the western part of Brazil? Answer. (i) Most of the western part of Brazil is covered by the thick dense equatorial rainforests of the Amazon Basin.(ii) Inaccessibility, poor transport links, unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall are the main barriers for mining in this part.(iii) Moreover, lack of knowledge of potential reserves of resources is the other factor which has led to limitations in mining in the western part of Brazil.(iv) Therefore, mining is not developed in the western part of Brazil. (b) What are the similarities and differences in the fishing activities in Brazil and India? Answer. Similarities: Differences: 3. Give reasons: (a) Per capita land availability is more in Brazil as compared to India. Answer. (b) There is mixed economy in Brazil and India. Answer. 4. Study the following graph and analyse in short. Answer. (i) This is a compound bar graph showing the contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors to the national income of India and Brazil.(ii) It also shows the percentage of population engaged in these sectors.(iii) The contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sector to India’s national income is about 17%, 26% and 57% respectively.(iv) Whereas the contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sector to Brazil’s national income is about 5%, 28% and 67% respectively.(v) The population engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary sector of India is about 49% 24% and 27% respectively.(vi) The population engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary sector of Brazil is about 10%, 19% and 71% respectively.(vii) Thus it is understood clearly from the graph that Brazil is not an agrarian economy like India.

Read article
Human Settlements Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Blog
12 Mar 2026

Human Settlements Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Tick (✓) the correct options : (a) The concentration of settlements is related to following major factor (i) The concentration of settlements is related to following major factor(a) Proximity to the Sea(ii) Plain region(iii) Availability of water(iv) Climate Answer. (iii) Availability of water (b) In North-eastern part of Brazil, which types of settlements are found? (i) Nucleated(ii) Linear(iii) Dispersed(iv) Star-shaped Answer. (iii) Dispersed (c) Where do you find dispersed settlements in India? (i) Near the rivers(ii) Near the transport routes(iii) Hilly areas(iv) Industrial regions Answer. (iii) Hilly areas (d) Concentrated settlements are found in Narmada Valley- (i) Forested Land(ii) Cultivable Land(iii) Undulating topography(iv) Industries Answer. (ii) Cultivable land (e) Which State has the least urbanization in Brazil ? (i) Para(ii) Amapa(iii) Espirito Santo(iv) Paran Answer. (i) Para 2. Give geographical reasons: (a) Availability of water is a major factor affecting settlements. Answer. (i) Water is a major factor affecting settlements because water is required for survival of living beings, for purposes like drinking, cooking, agriculture, industries, etc.(ii) Due to availability of water, agriculture and industries flourish, generating employment opportunities and leading to development of settlements.(iii) Shortage of water will hamper the growth of agriculture and industries which lead to less development of settlements. (b) In Brazil, majority of population is found in the eastern coastal areas. Answer. (i) Although the coastal climate is hot and humid, and flat land is limited due to rugged topography, the eastern coast of Brazil has a good water supply and a large range of natural resources.(ii) The region has rich fertile soil which is most suitable for coffee cultivation..(iii) The region is rich in minerals like iron ore and has a steady power supply.(iv) An excellent transportation facility is also available here.(v) Due to these factors, agriculture, industries and trade flourish and settlements increase.So, majority of Brazil’s population is found in the eastern coastal areas. (c) Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India. Answer. (i) In India, there has been growing industrialisation, leading to availability of jobs in urban areas.(ii) Urban areas have better facilities and amenities like water supply, electricity, health, education, etc.(iii) There is increasing migration of people from rural areas to urban areas.(iv) The urban population is increasing due to the expansion of urban centres and emergence of new towns.So, urbanisation is increasing rapidly in India. (d) Settlements are sparse in north-eastern Brazil. Answer. (i) The north east of Brazil is a Highland.(ii) As this region lies in a rain shadow region it suffers from droughts.(iii) Due to scanty rainfall and unavailability of resources, agriculture and industries are not well developed.(iv) Transport facilities are also very poor here. Therefore, settlements are sparse in north – eastern Brazil. (e) Except Delhi and Chandigarh, urbanization is low in other parts of India. Answer. (i) Delhi and Chandigarh are union territories lying in the flat Northern Plains of India.(ii) Delhi is the capital of India and has an ancient history of urbanisation while Chandigarh is one of the most well-planned cities.(iii) Both Delhi and Chandigarh have good water supply due to river Yamuna and the Bhakra Canal.(iv) As compared to the other cities in North India, both the cities have well-developed infrastructure, good transport links and other amenities.(v) Fast developing industries and commercial centres in these places, offer high employment opportunities leading to urbanisation.Hence, except Delhi and Chandigarh, urbanisation is low in other parts of India. 3. Answer in short: (a) Write a comparative note on urbanisation in Brazil and India. Answer. (i) Rate of urbanisation in higher in Brazil than in India.(ii) Growth of urbanisation in India has been slow.E.g. From 18% in 1961 to 31.2% in 2011.(iii) Growth of urbanisation in Brazil has been rapid.E.g. From 47.1% in 1960 to 84.6% in 2010.(iv) Urbanisation has been more in the southern part than in the Northern part of India.(v) Urbanisation in Brazil has been more in the coastal states of south and southeast than the states in the interior of the west and north.(vi) India’s rate of urbanisation has increased continously in a fluctuating rate.(vii) Brazil’s is rate of urbanisation has increased but in a diminishing rate. (b) Differentiate between the human settlements in Ganga river basin and the Amazon river basin. Answer. S.No Human settlements in the Ganga river basin Human settlements in the Amazon river basin (i) Nucleated settlements are found in Ganga river basin. (i) Dispersed settlements are found in Amazon river basin. (ii) Flat land, availibality of water, fertile soil,favourable climate is suitable for human settlement. (ii) Unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall, inaccessibility makes the Amazon river basin unsuitable for human settlement. (iii) The above conditions along with a good transport network has helped to flourish agriculture and other industries. (iii) Due to dense evergreen forests and poor transport facility there are restrictions on the use of natural resources, which have affected economic development. (c) Why do human settlements grow in specific locations only? Answer. Human settlements depend on various factors like climate, availability of water, slope of the land, level of development.In India, nucleated human settlements are found in the Ganga River Basin because of flat fertile plains, abundance of water, favourable climate and growth of agriculture and industries. Dispersed settlements are found in Himalayan slopes, eastern and southern Rajasthan because of uneven topography, unfavourable climate and lack of development. In Brazil, nucleated settlements are found in Sao Paulo and southern coast of Brazil, due to nearness to the ocean, fertile soil, availability of natural minerals like iron ore, steady power supply and good transportation system. Dispersed settlements are found in Northern Brazil due to the inaccessible forests in Amazon river basin, unhealthy climate, limitations on use of natural resources drought region and poor transport connectivity.

Read article
Population Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Social Science Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions
12 Mar 2026

Population Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Are the following sentences right or wrong? Correct the wrong ones. (a) Literacy Rate is higher in Brazil than India. Answer. Right. (b) In Brazil, people prefer living in the south east as compated to the north east. Answer. Right. (c) The life expectancy of Indians is decreasing. Answer. Wrong. (d) The north-western part of India is densely populated. Answer. Wrong. (e) The western part of Brazil is densely populated. Answer. Wrong 2. Answer the questions as per the instructions : (a) Arrange the following states of India in descending order of their population. Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh. Answer. Descending order: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh. (b) Arrange the states of Brazil in ascending order of their population: Amazonas, Rio de Janeiro,Alagoas, Sao Paulo, Parana. Answer. States of Brazil: Alagoas, Amazonas, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo. (c) Classify the factors affecting the distribution of population into favourable and unfavourable. Nearness to sea, lack of roads, temperate climate, lack of industries, new cities and towns, tropical moist forests, minerals, semi-arid climate, cultivable land. Answer. Favourable Factors Unfavourable Factors (1) Nearness to Sea Lack of roads (2) Temperate Climate Lack of Industries (3) New cities and towns Tropical moist forests (4) Minerals Semi arid climate (5) Cultivable land 3. Answer the following questions: (a) Explain the similarities and differences between the population distribution in Brazil and India. Answer. (a) Similarities in population distribution in Brazil and India: (b) Differences between population distribution in Brazil and India. (b) Giving examples, correlate climate and population distribution. Answer. Climate and population distribution are closely interreleted. Temperature and rainfall, the two elements of climate greatly influence the population concentration. (i) Dense population is found in regions with mild climate and moderate rainfall.E.g. the coastal plains of Brazil, the northern plain as well as the coastal plains of India (ii) Places with heavy rainfall, inaccessibility and dense forests have low population.E.g. the interiors of the Amazon Basin in Brazil, north eastern states in India. (iii) The snow covered regions due to extremely cold climatic conditions have less population.E.g. the northernmost part of Jammu & Kashmir. (iv) In certain regions, due to less rainfall and extreme climatic conditions population is sparse.E.g. Thar desert of Rajasthan and the Drought Quadrilateral region of Brazil. 4. Give geographical reasons: (a) Population is an important resource. Answer. (b) Brazil’s population density is very less. Answer. (c) India’s population density is high. Answer. (d) The density of population is sparse in Amazon basin. Answer. (e) Population density is high in the Ganga plains. Answer. 5. (A) Compare and classify the population densities shown in the squares ‘a’ and ‘b’ representing 1 sq.km of area. Answer. In the fig. (a) density of population is 7 persons per sq. km. The region is sparsely populated.In the fig. (b), the density of population is 18 persons per sq. km. The region is densely populated. (B) If in figure B, one sign = 100, then what will be the sex ratio? Answer. One symbol = 100 personsThere are 10 female symbols.Number of females = 100 x 10= 1000There are 8 male symbolsNumber of males = 100 x 8= 800 Males 800 1000 Females 1000 ? Number of females = 1000*1000/800= 1250Sex Ratio is 1250 females per 1000 males. 6. Comment upon the population density of fig. 6.1 (b) (i) fig (b) shows the population density of India as per 2011.(ii) The density of population is divided into four categories. They are:(a) Less than 100 persons per sq.km. .(b) 101-250 persons per sq.km.(c) 251-500 persons per sq.km.(d) more than 500 persons per sq.km. Answer. S.No. Population Density (per sq.km.) Name of the States / Union Territories (1) less than 100 Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim. (2) 101 to 250 Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh. (3) 251 to 500 Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, Assam, Tripura. (4) more than 501 West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Chandigarh, Puducherry, Diu, Daman, Dadra Nagar, Haveli, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Read article
Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Social Science Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions
11 Mar 2026

Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. On the basis of the information given in the chapter, figures and maps, complete the table below: Answer. S. No. Type of forest Characteristics Regions in India Regions in Brazil (1) Tropical Forests Broad-leaved evergreen trees. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Western Ghats. Some parts of North East India. Amazon Basin, Guyana Highlands. (2) Semi arid thorny vegetation (a) Thorny and shrub type vegetation.(b) Leaves are small in size. Leaves are modified into thorns to minimise evaporation. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Parts of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. North-Eastern part of Brazil. (3) Savannah Scanty bushes and shrub like trees and rain resistant grass. Brazilian Highland. (4) Tropicalsemi-deciduous Mixed type vegetation. Central India and South India. Parana Basin and South Eastern part of Brazil. (5) Grasslands Grassland region like the Pampas of Argentina. Foothills of Shiwalik hills and Assam. Southern Brazil. 2. Identify the odd man out (1) Forest type of Brazil ______. (a) Thorny bush type vegetation(b) Evergreen forests(c) The Himalayan Forests(d) Deciduous forests Answer. (c) The Himalayan Forests (2) With reference to India- (a) Mangrove forests(b) Mediterranean forests(c) Thorny bush-type vegetation(d) Equatorial forests Answer. (b) Mediterranean forests (3) With reference to fauna of Brazil- (a) Anaconda(b) Tamairin(c) Red Panda(d) Lion Answer. (c) Red Panda (4) With reference to flora of India- (a Deodar(b) Anjan(c) Orchid(d) Banyan Answer. (c) Orchid 3. Match the columns : Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Evergreen Forests (a) Sundari trees Deciduous forests (b) Pine Coastal forests (c) Pau Brasil Himalayan forests (d) Khejari Thorny and bush type vegetation (e) Teak (f) Orchid Answer. 1 – c2 – e3 – a4 – b5 – d 4. Answer in short: (a) Differentiate between the forest types of Brazil and India. Answer. Forest type of Brazil Forest type of India 1. The northern part of Brazil lies in the equatorial region. It receives ample sunshine and heavy rainfall. So dense evergreen forests are seen here. 1. The location of India is far away from the Equator. Heavy rainfall occurs only in the Western Ghats and North Eastern hilly areas. So evergreen forests are seen in these regions. 2. The Highland region of Brazil receives low rainfall. So tropical grasslands are seen in this region. 2. The Peninsula region of India receives rainfall between 1000 mm to 2000 mm, so they are covered by deciduous forests. 3. As there are no tall and long extending mountains in Brazil, Himalayan type forests are not found here. 3. Owing to presence of Himalayas, Himalayan type forests are found in North and North-East of India that are classified on the basis of altitude. 4. Thorny shrubs are found to the North Eastern part of Brazilian Highlands which is also considered to be a Drought Quadrilateral. 4. Thorny shrubs are found in India receiving less than 500 mm of rainfall. It is majorly found in Gujarat, Rajasthan and rain shadow regions of the Western Ghats. (b) Correlate wildlife and natural vegetation in India and Brazil. Answer. (i) Depending upon favourable geographical conditions, we find a variety of natural vegetation in India and Brazil. Also depending upon the vegetation we find a variety of wildlife in different regions. (ii) Grasslands of Brazil like the Savannah and the deciduous forest of India have a large number of herbivores and carnivores. (iii) The dense evergreen forests of India in the west, north east India and the Amazon Basin of Brazil are a home to a large variety of birds, insects, reptiles along with the herbivores and the carnivores. (iv) Coastal forests and swampy areas of Pantanal and Sunderbans have mangroves, a variety of birds, fishes and reptiles like crocodiles, alligators and the anacondas in Brazil. (v) Vegetation provides food and shelter to wildlife but if vegetation is limited like in the Thar desert or the Caatinga it will also limit the variety of animals species. (c) What environmental issues are faced by Brazil and India? Answer. (d) What are the major causes of degradation of forest in Brazil and India? Answer. (i) Forests are being cut down as more area is required to expand the cities. Hence rapid urbanisation is one of the reasons for degradation of forest. (ii) To ensure continuous food supply to meet the needs of the ever increasing population, more and more area needs to be brought under agriculture. For the expansion of agricultural land, forest areas are being cut down. (iii) In both India and Brazil, forests are being cut down for firewood and for other domestic needs. (iv) Slash and Burn agriculture which is also known as Roca in Brazil and Jhum in India is responsible for deforestation. (v) Apart from all the above reasons, forest fire, pollution, overgrazing, etc. are also responsible for the degradation of forests. (e) Why does the deciduous type of vegetation occupy most of India? Answer. 5. Give geographical reasons (a) The northern part of Brazil is covered by dense forests. Answer. (b) Vegetation is scarce in the high altitudes of Himalayas. Answer. (c) A wide variety of species of insects is found in Brazil. Answer. (d) Wildlife in India is decreasing day by day. Answer. (i) Wildlife in India is decreasing day by day because of rapidly occurring deforestation, poaching, pollution. (ii) Expansion of cities to accommodate the growing population is leading to cutting down of the valuable forest which leads to the loss of the habitat of wildlife. (iii) Also the problem of pollution has become severe due to urbanisation. Various types of pollution have threatened the lives of many of the species. (iv) Poaching of wildlife species have also led to the loss of wildlife in India. (v) Agricultural practices like shifting cultivation has also reduced the forest cover leading to loss of wildlife habitat. (e) Like India, there is need of conservation of forests in Brazil too. Answer. (i) Like India, Brazil is facing the problem of degradation of environment due to deforestation, pollution, slash and burn agriculture, illegal smuggling of wild animals, etc. (ii) Trees are being cut down to

Read article
Climate Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board
Class 10 Social Science Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions
11 Mar 2026

Climate Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Write the names of the States/Regions in appropriate columns : Bihar, Tocantins, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Eastern Maharashtra, Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Rio Grande Do Norte, Paraiba, Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Western Andhra Pradesh, Roroima, Amazonas, West Bengal, Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Catarina, Goa Answer. States/Regions India Brazil High rainfall Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Goa Tocantins, Rio Grande Do Sul, Roraima Moderate rainfall Bihar, Eastern Maharashtra West Bengal Santa Catarina, Amazonas, Alagoas Low rainfall Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Andhra Pradesh Pernambuco, Paraiba,Rio Grande Do Norte, Alagoas 2. State whether right or wrong. Rewrite the wrong sentences. (a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way. Answer. Right. (b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time. Answer. Wrong – India and Brazil have different seasons at the same time. (c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently. Answer. Right. (d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds. Answer. Wrong – Brazil gets rainfall from South-East Trade Winds and North-East Trade Winds. 3. Give geographical reasons: (a) The northeastern part of Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall. Answer. (i) Brazil gets rainfall from the South-East Trade Winds and the North-East Trade Winds.(ii) Parts of the Brazilian Highlands extend upto the northern coast.(iii) The Escarpments act as an obstruction to the winds blowing from the sea and cause orographic type of rainfall in the coastal region.(iv) Beyond the Highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is minimal.(v) Thus the North Eastern part of Brazilian highlands receives less rainfall. This rain shadow region is also called the ‘Drought Quadrilateral’. (b) Snowfall doesn’t always occur in Brazil. Answer. (i) Because of the vast latitudinal extent of Brazil, it experiences a wide range of climatic variations. Near the Equator it is hot, while tropical type of climate is found near the Tropic of Capricorn. (ii) Considering the temperatures in Brazil, the northern part of Brazil is hot while the temperatures in the southern part are comparatively lower. (iii) It generally snows in those areas lying in the temperate or polar regions or in the mountainous regions of very high altitude. (iv) Snowfall does occur but is only confined to higher elevations in the southern states of Rio Grande Do Sul, Parana and Santa Catarina. (v) Most part of the country lies in the tropical zone which experiences a hot and humid climate. So snowfall doesn’t always occur in Brazil and is considered a rare phenomenon. (c) Convectional type of rainfall is not prominent in India. Answer. (i) Convectional rains are a feature of the equatorial regions and the equator passes through the northern part of Brazil.(ii) Due to the intense heat here the air expands and rises upwards. As the air goes upwards it cools down, condensation occurs and clouds are formed. This leads to convectional rains every day.(iii) As such conditions do not exist in India, convection rainfall is not prominent here. (d) Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil. Answer. (i) In the coastal regions of Brazil near the Equator, differences in temperatures are negligible.(ii) The winds move in the vertical direction in this equatorial region.(iii) Similarly, the convergence zone of the trade winds is weak here. As a result, cyclones are not formed.(iv) As a result tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil. (e) There is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus. Answer. (i) Manaus is located to the north of Brazil and close to the Equator.(ii) This region receives perpendicular rays of the sun throughout the year.(iii) It also receives convectional type of rainfall every day.(iv) So the climate is hot and humid throughout the year.(v) As, there is not much difference in the maximum and minimum temperatures there is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus. (f) India receives precipitation from the North-East Monsoon winds too. Answer. (i) In the winter season, India is influenced by the North East Monsoon Winds.(ii) These winds bring cool breeze to the country.(iii) While blowing over Bay of Bengal the North East Monsoon Winds pick up moisture and give rain to the eastern coast of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in India.So, it is said that India receives precipitation from the North East Monsoon Winds too. 4. Answer the following questions: (a) Describe in brief the changes occurring in the climatic conditions of India while going from south to north. Answer. (i) India’s Climate is of monsoon type. But there is diversity in climatic conditions of India due to the latitudinal location and altitude of the place. (ii) As the Tropic of Cancer passes through middle of India, it divides the country into tropical region and sub tropical region. (iii) The tropical region receives nearly vertical rays of the Sun and the temperature increases as we move towards the south. (iv) In the sub tropical region of the north, summers are very hot and winters are very cool and dry. (v) The Himalayas lie in the northern part of India. They protects us from the cold winds that blow from the north, obstructs the South West Monsoon Winds which results in orographic rainfall in its southern slopes. (vi) In major parts of India precipitation is in the form of rainfall, but in the Himalayas it is in the form of snowfall. (b) Explain the importance of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean with respect to the climate of India. Answer. (i) The Indian Ocean and the Himalayan ranges exert a great influence on the climate of India and the origin of monsoons. (ii) Because of high temperatures in summers, a low pressure area develops in the Punjab Plains and the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. (iii) At the same time a high pressure region develops over the Indian Ocean. (iv) This attracts winds and they start blowing from the Indian Ocean towards the mainland India. (v) These are moisture-laden winds which bring rainfall to India. (vi) These

Read article
Page 1 of 4