1. Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statements.
(1) The first open heart surgery under the leadership of Dr N Gopinathan was successfully performed in the city of
(a) Chennai (b) Vellore (c) Hyderabad (d) Mumbai
Answer.
(b) Vellore
(2) is known as the father of the ‘Jaipur foot’.
(a) Dr N. Gopinathan
(b) Dr Pramod Sethi
(c) Dr Mohan Rao
(d) None of the above
Answer.
(b) Dr Pramod Sethi
2. Identify and write the wrong pair.
(1) Dr N. Gopinathan–open heart surgery
(2) Ramchandra Sharma – a skilled craftsman
(3) Dr Subhash Mukhopadhyaya – test tube baby
(4) Dr Mohan Rao – polio
Answer.
Wrong Pair: Dr Mohan Rao – polio
3. Write short notes on-
(1) The Institution of family
Answer.
The institution of family can be explained as follows:
- During the pre-independence period, the institution of the family was an important identifying feature of Indian society.
- India was known all over the world as the country of joint families.
- However, the wave of globalisation has now given an impetus to the system of nuclear families.
(2) Jaipur foot technology
Answer.
(i) Dr Pramod Sethi designed and manufactured artificial limbs, noses and ears, with the help of the skilled craftsman Ramchandra Sharma.
(ii) These artificial body parts manufactured with the help of the Jaipur foot technology have made it easy for the differently-abled to walk bare-foot on rough surfaces, run, go cycling, work in the fields, climb trees, and even climb mountains, etc.
(3) Urbanisation
Answer.
(i) Urbanisation is a process of the concentration of population in a city or urban area. Increasing population is one major reason for urbanisation.
(ii) A few other factors affecting urbanisation are air, water and the economic as well as social organisations necessary for community life.
(iii) In the context of post-independence India, the increase in urban population is also due to factors such as a reduction in the mortality rate, industrialisation, unavailability of means of livelihood in rural areas, job opportunities in cities and the resulting migration.
(4) Changing economic life
Answer.
(i) Earlier, every village was economically self-sufficient. A majority of the villagers were dependent on farming. Farm produce used to be distributed among artisans as payment for their work.
(ii) Now this situation has changed. Rural areas are engaged in agriculture and occupations ancillary to farming while urban society is engaged in non-agricultural production and the service sector.
4. Explain the following statements with reasons.
(1) The campaign for pulse polio immunisation was taken up.
Answer.
The campaign of pulse polio immunisation was initiated because:
- Before 1978, every year, six Indian infants out of every 10 who were bom faced fatal health problems in the very first year of their birth.
- The immunisation programme was taken up to overcome the threat of polio, measles, tetanus, TB, diphtheria, and whooping cough.
- The ‘pulse polio’ immunisation programme started in 1995 has controlled polio.
(2) The Rural Water Supply scheme was started.
Answer.
The State started the Rural Water Supply Scheme for sinking wells and providing piped water because:
(i) It is necessary to give priority to facilities for public hygiene and health-care. However even today, the rural population faces problems related to year-round provision of drinking water, toilets, open drainage, narrow roads, inadequate electrification and lack of facilities for medical treatment.
(ii) There is a lack of good quality educational facilities from primary level to higher education, centres for recreation and libraries.
(iii) The collective development scheme had an important place in all the first four five year plans of the government of India. The State of Maharashtra registered remarkable achievements under this scheme. By 1971,1677 small dams had also been built.
5. Answer the following questions in detail.
(1) Which kinds of discrimination does the Constitution prohibit?
Answer.
(i) According to our Constitution, all Indians are equal before the law, and they cannot be discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth.
(ii) All citizens have the right to freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully without arms, freedom to form associations, freedom to move, to live and settle down anywhere on Indian territory and to practice any occupation.
(iii) Indian citizens living anywhere in India enjoy the right to nurture their language, script and culture.
(2) What is the aim of the social welfare programme ?
Answer.
(i) The objective to establish the welfare state has been incorporated in the Constitution itself.
(ii) The social welfare programmes aim to make opportunities for full-time employment, health care, education and development available to all Indian citizens. Indian society is riddled with large scale economic, social, educational and cultural inequalities.
(iii) However, it is necessary that opportunities for development reach women, children, the differently-abled, the scheduled castes and tribes as well as other minorities.
(iv) Hence on 14th June 1964, the government of India constituted the Ministry of Social Welfare. Under this ministry, various programmes are implemented for nutrition and child- development, social security and social protection, women’s welfare and development.
(3) What are the challenges facing rural development ?
Answer.
(i) In 1961, 82% of India’s population resided in villages. In 1971, the percentage was 80.01%.
(ii) So far, the rural area has shouldered the responsibility of providing food grains and other raw material to urban areas, supplying labour to the industrial sectors of the city, and taking care of natural resources.
(iii) However there are three major challenges with reference to rural development, namely, bringing about economic development, developing facilities to meet social needs and finally bringing about a change of attitude in matters concerning society, culture and ways of thinking.
(iv) It is also equally necessary to expedite irrigation projects and bring about land reforms.
6. Write a brief review of the significant events in the field of public health in India.
Answer.
The Constitution of India states that the primary duty of the government is to raise the people’s standard of living, to ensure proper nutrition and to improve public health. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare at the Centre helps the state governments in this regard.
(i) To make primary health services as well as medical care available to rural people, the tribals and the poor was an objective of the Sixth Five Year plan. Efforts were made towards helping people maintain good health by giving recognition to Unani, Homoeopathy, Ayurveda and Naturopathy in addition to Allopathy.
(ii) In 1962, the first successful open heart surgery was performed under the leadership of Dr N. Gopinath at Christian Medical College Hospital at Vellore in Tamil Nadu. Hence, it is no longer necessary to go abroad for such treatment.
(iii) The invention of the ‘Jaipur Foot’ has transformed the lives of the disabled in India.
(iv) Before 1968, if a person lost a leg in an accident, he had to suffer for the rest of his life. In order to remedy the situation, Dr Pramod Sethi designed and manufactured artificial limbs, noses and ears, with the help of the skilled craftsman Ramchandra Sharma.
(v) These artificial body parts manufactured with the help of the Jaipur foot technology have made it easy for the differently-abled to walk bare-foot on rough surfaces, run, go cycling, work in the fields, climb trees, and even climb mountains, etc.
(vi) They save on the expenses on shoes as there is no need for footwear on these artificial limbs. They can bend their legs at the knees and sit cross-legged.
(vii) These feet are also convenient while working in water or under wet conditions.
