1. Match the items in column ‘A’ with the proper ones in column ‘B’ and explain their impact on the environment.

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’

1. Harmful waste a. Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.
2. Domestic waste b. Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.
3. Biomedical waste c. Radioactive material
4. Industrial waste d. Leftover food, vegetables, peelings of fruits.
5. Urban waste e. Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.

Answer.

(1) Harmful waste – (c) Radioactive material

(2) Domestic waste – (d) Leftover food, vegetables, peelings of fruits

(3) Biomedical waste – (e) Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.

(4) Industrial waste – (b) Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.

(5) Urban waste – (a) Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.

2. Complete the statements using the given options and justify those statements.
(Geographic favourability, climate, weather, observatory)

a. Of the abiotic factors that affect biodiversity by far the most important is ……………… .

Answer.

Climate.
Climate influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations. Various factors of climate like temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunlight, rainfall, humidity etc. will decide which kind of plants and animals can survive there.

b. A description of the climatic conditions of short duration in a particular area is ……………… .

Answer.

Weather.
Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather. Weather is related to a specific location and specific time whereas climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.

c. Irrespective of the progress of human beings, we have to think about ……………… .

Answer.

Geographic favourability.
Geographic favourability includes location, availability of water, availability of natural resources and climate of a region. This has a great impact on the progress of human beings. Countries that have more favourable factors will progress more.

d. Establishments where various climatic factors are recorded are called ……………… .

Answer.

Observatory
Most countries in the world have established meteorology departments for recording climatic factors. These departments have observatories which are equipped with modern instruments and technology.

3. Answer the following questions.

a. How is first aid provided to victims of disasters who are injured?

Answer.

(1) When the victims are injured in a disaster, then the help rendered to him or her before the medical doctor arrives, is called first aid. It is done with the intention of saving a life.
(2) The three main measures which may save the lives are airway, breathing and circulation i.e. ABC of first aid. These are also called the basic principles of first aid.
(A) Airway : When there is difficulty in breathing, the head of the victim is held in a backward sloping position or the chin is raised. This makes the respiratory passage open. Therefore, it is called airway.
(B) Breathing : On the stoppage of breathing the victim is given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation.
(C) Circulation : When the victim is unconscious, and mouth to mouth respiration is not successful then CPR or cardio-pulmonary resuscitation is given. In this the heart should be pressed by putting pressure on the chest with both the palms. These two actions are repeated alternately 15 times. CPR helps to bring the circulation back to normal.
(3) When there is bleeding, efforts should be made to stop it. With antiseptic pad the wound should be covered with light pressure.
(4) When there is a fracture, the fractured part should be immobilized. The patient should be moved with the help of firm stretcher by keeping him/her immobile as far as possible.
(5) In case of burn injuries, the burnt part should be kept under clean and cold flowing water.

b. State the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management.

Answer.

Following are the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management:

• Waste separation: In this method, dry and wet wastes are separated, stored and later collected for proper use.
• Composting: Decomposition of degradable kitchen waste in small pits in the backyard, garden or terrace is called composting. Good quality manure can be produced by composting leftover food, peels of fruits, vegetables etc.
• Vermicomposting: Converting solid waste into manure or compost with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting.
• Vermicompost manure is highly nutritious and can be used for agricultural purposes and garden plants.
• Secured landfill: Solid waste is disposed off in secured landfills.
• The site for secured landfill is selected minimum 2 km away from water bodies and human habitation.
• Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone.
• The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left to decompose naturally.
• Pyrolysis: In this method, the waste is heated to a high temperature to obtain gas and electricity.
• Semi-combustible waste is burnt in pyrolysis. It is suitable for municipal solid waste management.
• Incineration: Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating the biomedical waste.

c. Explain with suitable examples, the relationship between weather forecasting and disaster management.

Answer.

1. Depending upon the factors such as storms, clouds, rainfall, etc., weather forecasts are made. It is useful in aviation, shipping, fishing, industries as well as during natural calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, tsunami etc where proper predictions are made with well equipped satellites and highclass technology.
2. Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.
3. This data can be used in prevention of losses and danger, improving tolerance, providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm as well as preparation to face the disaster.

d. Why is e-waste harmful? Express your opinion about this.

Answer.

• e-waste is electronic waste which includes non-functional TV Sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.
• E-waste contains heavy metals like lead, beryllium, mercury and cadmium.
• These metals accumulate in the soil for long periods and thus affect the biodiversity of the soil.
• Many a times e-waste like battery etc. contain acids which make the soil acidic.
• e-waste can cause ground water pollution, which also affects living organisms when they drink this polluted water.
• Thus, e-waste affects human health and soil microorganisms directly or indirectly.

e. How will you register your individual participation in solid waste management?

Answer.

We can register our individual participation in solid waste management in the following ways:

• Following the 3R mantra: Reduce (reducing the waste), reuse (reuse of waste) and recycle (recycling of waste).
• Throwing plastic wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits, etc. into dust bins. Avoid littering.
• Avoiding the use of plastic bags and instead using cloth bags or bags prepared from old sarees, bed-sheets, curtains, etc.
• Using both sides of a paper for writing. Reusing greeting cards and gift papers.
• Avoiding use of tissue paper and preferring to use one’s own handkerchief.
• Using rechargeable batteries instead of lead batteries.
• Implementing various programmers of solid waste management and educating, encouraging the family and society in this regard. 
• Avoiding ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks and tetra-packs etc.

4. Write notes.

Meteorology, Climatic factors, Monsoon model, Industrial waste, Plastic waste, Principles of first aid

Answer.

Meteorology

(1) Meteorology is the science that studies the inter-relationships between the various components of air, natural cycles, geological movements of the earth and climate.

(2) It includes the study of storms, clouds, rainfall, thunder, lightning, etc.

(3) Depending upon the study of such factors, weather forecasts are made.

(4) They are useful to common people, farmers, fisheries, aviation services, water transport and various other organizations.

(5) For this purpose, on the International level, The World Meteorological Organization was established whereas on national level there is Indian Meteorological Department.

Climatic factors

(1) Atmospheric pressure, sunlight, clouds, humidity, rainfall, visibility, temperature, etc. are the chief climatic factors.

(2) All of these climatic factors decide the atmospheric conditions of the particular space at the specific time.

(3) The climatic factors are also dependent upon the geographical conditions of a particular region.

(4) The climate of a particular region is decided by the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.

Monsoon model

(1) In the decade of the 1990’s, a monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide climatic parameters was developed by Dr. Vasant Govarikar.

(2) This model was in use from 1990 to 2002 and itgave the almost right predictions about the monsoon.

(3) There are three types of monsoon models :

(A) Mathematical model (Dynamic) : In this model the mathematical analysis is done. Forecasts are made with the help of mathematical models. Estimates of current weather related events and ongoing physical interactions between them are taken in to account for the analysis.

(B) Holistic model : In this model, predictions are based upon many parameters which were used in other models are used in the holistic way to give
the monsoon prediction.

(C) Statistical model : In this model, a collective study is undertaken by understanding the current climatic observations in a region and the earlier
parameters such as oceanic temperature, atmospheric pressure and the nature of the monsoon rainfall of several years. There is comparison of both the data done and from this comparative analysis the monsoon predictions are made in statistical model.

Industrial waste

(1) The industrial wastes are created in the industries and the factories.

(2) Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc. are found in greater proportion in the industrial wastes. They depend upon the type of manufacture the industry has.

(3) Most of the industrial wastes are toxic. They cause air, water and soil pollution.

(4) It is very essential to manage the industrial wastes, otherwise it causes dangerous effects on birds-animals and even on the health of human beings. Since most of the industrial wastes are non-biodegradable, they remain accumulated in the environment.

Plastic waste

(1) Plastic waste is a major constituent of the domestic waste. From household garbage, plastic is spread far and wide.

(2) Being non-biodegradable, plastic remains unchanged in the environment of many years. If burnt, it emits toxic gases.

(3) The grazing cattle die due to inadvertent plastic consumption.

(4) Due to floating plastic, aquatic animals are in danger. Man is the only living being who creates plastic wastes but the entire ecosystem is harmed due to harmful consequences of plastic wastes.

(5) Taking this into consideration, the overuse of plastic should be immediately stopped and the correct management of plastic waste should be done.

Principles of first aid

(1) When the victims are injured in a disaster, then the help rendered to him or her before the medical doctor arrives, is called first aid. It is done with the intention of saving a life.
(2) The three main measures which may save the lives are airway, breathing and circulation i.e. ABC of first aid. These are also called the basic principles of first aid.
(A) Airway : When there is difficulty in breathing, the head of the victim is held in a backward sloping position or the chin is raised. This makes the respiratory passage open. Therefore, it is called airway.
(B) Breathing : On the stoppage of breathing the victim is given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation.
(C) Circulation : When the victim is unconscious, and mouth to mouth respiration is not successful then CPR or cardio-pulmonary resuscitation is given. In this the heart should be pressed by putting pressure on the chest with both the palms. These two actions are repeated alternately 15 times. CPR helps to bring the circulation back to normal.
(3) When there is bleeding, efforts should be made to stop it. With antiseptic pad the wound should be covered with light pressure.
(4) When there is a fracture, the fractured part should be immobilized. The patient should be moved with the help of firm stretcher by keeping him/her immobile as far as possible.
(5) In case of burn injuries, the burnt part should be kept under clean and cold flowing water.

5. Give examples of the importance of climate in the living world with explanations, in your own words.

Answer.

1. Daily weather as also long term climatic conditions influence human lifestyle directly or indirectly.
2. Land, water bodies, plants and animals collectively form the natural environment on earth. This environment is responsible for the development of organisms.
3. The climate of a particular region helps to determine the diet, clothing, housing, occupations and lifestyle of the people of that region. For example, the characteristic lifestyle of Kashmiri and Rajasthani people.
4. Salinity of marine water, formation of oceanic currents, water cycle, etc. are all related to various weather and climatic factors.
5. Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust.
6. Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
7. Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process depends upon various climatic factors.

6. Explain with suitable examples, the care to be taken when using the methods of transporting patients.

Answer.

• Cradle Method: This method is used for children and under-weight victims.
• Carrying piggy back: This method is used for carrying patients who are unconscious.
• Human crutch method: If one of the legs is injured, the victim should be supported with minimum load on the other leg. 
• Pulling or lifting method: This method is used for carrying an unconscious patient, through a short distance.
• Carrying on four-hand chair: This method is used when support is needed for the part below the waist.
• Carrying on two-hand chair: This method is useful for those patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
• Stretcher: In an emergency, if a conventional stretcher is not available, then a temporary stretcher can be made using bamboo, blanket, etc.

7. Explain the differences.

a. Weather and climate

Answer.

Weather		Climate
(i)	Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather.	(i)	The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
(ii)	Weather can change continuously.	(ii)	Climate remains constant in a region for a long duration.
(iii)	Weather is related to a specific location and specific time.	(iii)	Climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.
(iv)	Changes in the weather may occur for short periods of time.	(iv)	Changes in the climate take place slowly over a much long duration.

b. Degradable and non-degradable waste

Answer.

Degradable Waste		Non-degradable Waste
(i)	This type of waste is easily degraded by microbes.	(i)	This type of waste is not easily degraded by microbes because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques.
(ii)	It includes kitchen waste (spoiled food, fruits, vegetables), ash, soil, dung, parts of the plants etc.	(ii)	It includes plastic, metal and other similar materials.
(iii)	It is also called wet solid waste or wet garbage.	(iii)	It is also called dry solid waste or dry garbage.
(iv)	If it is carefully decomposed, we can obtain compost and fuel of good quality from it.	(iv)	It can be recycled.