1. Write detailed answers?
a. Explain the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy.
Answer.
| Kinetic Energy | Potential Energy |
| (i) Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by the body due to its motion. | (i) Potential energy is the energy possessed by the body because of its shape or position. |
| (ii) K.E = 1/2 mv2 | (ii) P.E = mgh |
| (iii) e.g., flowing water, such as when falling from a waterfall. | (iii) e.g., water at the top of a waterfall, before the drop. |
b. Derive the formula for the kinetic energy of an object of mass m, moving with velocity v.
Answer.
Suppose a stationary object of mass ‘m’ moves because of an applied force. Let ‘u’ be its initial velocity (here u = 0). Let the applied force be ‘F’. This generates an acceleration a in the object, and after time T, the velocity of the object becomes equal to ‘v’. The displacement during this time is s. The work done on the object is
W = F x s ……………….. (1)
Using Newton’s 2nd law of motion,
F = ma ……………….. (2)
Using Newton’s 2nd equation of motion
However, as initial velocity is zero, u = 0
c. Prove that the kinetic energy of a freely falling object on reaching the ground is nothing but the transformation of its initial potential energy.
Answer.
Let us look at the kinetic and potential energies of an object of mass (m), falling freely from height (h), when the object is at different heights.
As shown in the figure, the point A is at a height (h) from the ground. Let the point B be at a distance V, vertically below A. Let the point C be on the ground directly below A and B. Let us calculate the energies of the object at A, B and C.
(1) Let the velocity of the object be vB when it reaches point B, having fallen through a distance x.
(2) When the object is stationary at A, its initial velocity is u = 0
∴ K.E = 1/2 mass x velocity2
(3) Let the velocity of the object be vc when it reaches the ground, near point C
From equations (i) and (iii) we see that the total potential energy of the object at its initial position is the same as the kinetic energy at the ground.
d. Determine the amount of work done when an object is displaced at an angle of 30° with respect to the direction of the applied force.
Answer.
When an object is displaced by displacement ‘s’ and by applying force ‘F’ at an ’angle’ 30°.
Work done can be given as
e. If an object has 0 momentum, does it have kinetic energy? Explain your answer.
Answer.
- No, it does not have kinetic energy if it does not have momentum.
- Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. If it is zero, it implies that v = 0 (since mass can never be zero).
- Now K.E = ~ mv2, So if v = 0 then K.E also will be zero.
- Thus, if an object has no momentum then it cannot possess kinetic energy.
f. Why is the work done on an object moving with uniform circular motion zero?
Answer.
- In uniform circular motion, the force acting on an object is along the radius of the circle.
- Its displacement is along the tangent to the circle. Thus, they are perpendicular to each other.
Hence θ = 90° and cos 90 = θ
∴ W = Fs cos θ = 0
2. Choose one or more correct alternatives.
a. For work to be performed, energy must be ….
(i) transferred from one place to another
(ii) concentrated
(iii) transformed from one type to another
(iv) destroyed
Answer. The correct alternatives are (i) and (iii).
Why these are correct:
(iii) Transformed from one type to another: Doing work almost always involves an energy conversion. A car engine performs work by transforming chemical energy (fuel) into mechanical energy (motion).
(i) Transferred from one place to another: Work is essentially the process of moving energy from one system to another. For example, when you kick a ball, energy is transferred from your leg to the ball.
b. Joule is the unit of …
(i) force
(ii) work
(iii) power
(iv) energy
Answer. The correct alternatives are (ii) and (iv)
Why these are correct:
(ii) Work: By definition, one Joule (1 J) is the amount of work done when a force of one Newton moves an object a distance of one meter.
(iv) Energy: Since energy is the “capacity to do work,” it is also measured in Joules. Whether it is thermal, kinetic, or potential energy, the Joule is the standard SI unit.
c. Which of the forces involved in dragging a heavy object on a smooth, horizontal surface, have the same magnitude?
(i) the horizontal applied force
(ii) gravitational force
(iii) reaction force in vertical direction
(iv) force of friction
Answer. The correct alternatives are (ii) and (iii).
Why these are correct:
(ii) Gravitational force: This is the weight of the object acting downward (W = mg).
(iii) Reaction force (Normal force): This is the force the surface exerts upward to support the object.
d. Power is a measure of the …….
(i) the rapidity with which work is done
(ii) amount of energy required to perform the work
(iii) The slowness with which work is performed
(iv) length of time
Answer. The correct alternatives are (i) and (iii).
Why these are correct:
(iii) The slowness with which work is performed: Because power is an inverse measure of time, it effectively measures the speed (or lack thereof) of the work being done. A low power output means the work is being performed slowly.
(i) The rapidity with which work is done: This is the standard definition of power. If you do the same amount of work in less time (more rapidly), you are using more power.
e. While dragging or lifting an object, negative work is done by
(i) the applied force
(ii) gravitational force
(iii) frictional force
(iv) reaction force
Answer. The correct alternatives are (ii) and (iii).
Why these are correct:
(iii) Frictional force: When you drag an object across a surface, friction always acts in the opposite direction of the motion. Since it opposes the movement, friction always does negative work.
(ii) Gravitational force: When you lift an object upward, gravity is pulling downward. Because the movement (up) and the force (down) are in opposite directions, gravity does negative work.
3. Rewrite the following sentences using proper alternative.
a. The potential energy of your body is least when you are …..
(i) sitting on a chair
(ii) sitting on the ground
(iii) sleeping on the ground
(iv) standing on the ground
Answer. The correct answer is (iii) sleeping on the ground.
b. The total energy of an object falling freely towards the ground …
(i) decreases
(ii) remains unchanged
(iii) increases
(iv) increases in the beginning and then decreases
Answer. The correct answer is (ii) remains unchanged
c. If we increase the velocity of a car moving on a flat surface to four times its original speed, its potential energy ….
(i) will be twice its original energy
(ii) will not change
(iii) will be 4 times its original energy
(iv) will be 16 times its original energy.
Answer. The correct answer is (ii) will not change
d. The work done on an object does not depend on ….
(i) displacement
(ii) applied force
(iii) initial velocity of the object
(iv) the angle between force and displacement.
Answer. The correct answer is (iii) initial velocity of the object
4. Study the following activity and answer the questions.
1. Now take two balls of the same size and weight and release them from the top end of the channels. They will roll down and cover the same distance.
2. Take two aluminium channels of different lengths.
3. Place the lower ends of the channels on the floor and hold their upper ends at the same height.
Questions :
- At the moment of releasing the balls, which energy do the balls have?
- As the balls roll down which energy is converted into which other form of energy?
- Why do the balls cover the same distance on rolling down?
- What is the form of the eventual total energy of the balls?
- Which law related to energy does the above activity demonstrate ? Explain.
Answer.
1. At the moment of releasing the ball they possess Potential energy as they are at a height above the ground.
2. As the balls roll down, the Potential energy is converted into Kinetic energy since they are now in motion.
3. Since they have been released from the same height, they will cover the same distance.
4. The eventual form of the total energy of the balls is “Mechanical Energy” i.e, a combination of Potential energy and Kinetic energy
5. The above activity demonstrates the “Law of Conservation of Energy”
5. Solve the following examples.
a. An electric pump has 2 kW power. How much water will the pump lift every minute to a height of 10 m?
(Ans : 1224.5 kg)
Answer.
Given:
Power (P) = 2 kW = 2000 W
Height (h) = 10 m
Time (t) = 1 min = 60 s
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s2
To Find:
Mass of water (m)= ?
Formula:
b. If a 1200 W electric iron is used daily for 30 minutes, how much total electricity is consumed in the month of April? (Ans :18 Unit)
Answer.
c. If the energy of a ball falling from a height of 10 metres is reduced by 40%, how high will it rebound? (Ans : 6 m)
Answer.
Given: Initial height (h1) = 10m
Let Initial (P.E1) = 100
Final (P.E2) = 100 – 40
= 60
To Find:
Final height (h2) = ?
Formula:
P.E. = mgh
d. The velocity of a car increases from54 km/hr to 72 km/hr. How much is the work done if the mass of the car is 1500 kg ? (Ans. : 131250 J)
Answer.
e. Ravi applied a force of 10 N and moved a book 30 cm in the direction of the force. How much was the work done by Ravi? (Ans: 3 J)
Answer.
Force (F) = 10 N
θ = 0°, (Since force and displacement are in same direction)
Displacement (s) = 30 cm = 30/100 m
To Find:
Work (W) = ?
Formula:
W = Fs cos θ
Solution:
W = Fs cos θ
Solution:
The work done by Ravi is 3J
